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      Relationships between grain yield and accumulation of biomass, nitrogen and phosphorus in common bean cultivars Translated title: Relações entre o rendimento de grãos e a acumulação de biomassa, nitrogênio e fósforo em cultivares de feijoeiro

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          Abstract

          Shoot biomass is considered a relevant component for crop yield, but relationships between biological productivity and grain yield in legume crops are usually difficult to establish. Two field experiments were carried out to investigate the relationships between grain yield, biomass production and N and P accumulation at reproductive stages of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars. Nine and 18 cultivars were grown on 16 m² plots in 1998 and 1999, respectively, with four replications. Crop biomass was sampled at four growth stages (flowering R6, pod setting R7, beginning of pod filling R8, and mid-pod filling R8.5), grain yield was measured at maturity, and N and P concentrations were determined in plant tissues. In both years, bean cultivars differed in grain yield, in root mass at R6 and R7 stages, and in shoot mass at R6 and R8.5, whereas at R7 and R8 differences in shoot mass were significant in 1998 only. In both years, grain yield did not correlate with shoot mass at R6 and R7 and with root mass at R6. Grain yield correlated with shoot mass at R8 in 1999 but not in 1998, with shoot mass at R8.5 and with root mass at R7 in both years. Path coefficient analysis indicated that shoot mass at R8.5 had a direct effect on grain yield in both years, that root mass at R7 had a direct effect on grain yield in 1998, and that in 1999 the amounts of N and P in shoots at R8.5 had indirect effects on grain yield via shoot mass at R8.5. A combined analysis of both experiments revealed that biomass accumulation, N and P in shoots at R6 and R7 as well as root mass at R6 were similar in both years. In 1998 however bean accumulated more root mass at R7 and more biomass and N and P in shoots at R8 and R8.5, resulting in a 57 % higher grain yield in 1998. This indicates that grain yield of different common bean cultivars is not intrinsically associated with vegetative vigor at flowering and that mechanisms during pod filling can strongly influence the final crop yield. The establishment of a profuse root system during pod setting, associated with the continuous N and P acquisition during early pod filling, seems to be relevant for higher grain yields of common bean.

          Translated abstract

          A biomassa de parte aérea é considerada um componente relevante para o rendimento dos cultivos, mas é usualmente difícil estabelecer relações entre produção biológica e rendimento de grãos em leguminosas. Foram realizados dois experimentos de campo com o objetivo de investigar as relações entre o rendimento de grãos, a produção de biomassa e a acumulação de N e P em estádios reprodutivos de cultivares de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris). Nove e 18 cultivares foram cultivadas em 1998 e 1999, respectivamente, em parcelas de 16 m² com quatro repetições. A biomassa foi amostrada em quatro estádios (floração R6, emissão de vagens R7, início de enchimento de vagens R8 e meio de enchimento de vagens R8,5), o rendimento de grãos mensurado na maturação, e foram medidas as concentrações de N e P nos tecidos vegetais. Nos dois anos, as cultivares de feijoeiro diferiram no rendimento de grãos, na massa de raízes nos estádios R6 e R7 e na massa de parte aérea em R6 e R8,5, porém em R7 e R8 apenas em 1998 houve diferenças na massa de parte aérea. Nos dois anos, o rendimento de grãos não se correlacionou com a massa de parte aérea em R6 e R7 e com a massa de raízes em R6. O rendimento de grãos correlacionou-se com a massa de parte aérea em R8 em 1999, com a massa de parte aérea em R8,5 e com a massa de raízes em R7 nos dois anos. Análises de trilha indicaram que a massa de parte aérea em R8,5 exerceu efeito direto no rendimento de grãos nos dois anos, que a massa de raízes em R7 teve efeito direto no rendimento em 1998 e que em 1999 a acumulação de N e P na parte aérea em R8,5 teve efeito indireto no rendimento via massa de parte aérea em R8,5. A análise conjunta dos dois experimentos revelou que a acumulação de massa, N e P na parte aérea em R6 e R7, assim como a massa de raízes em R6, foram similares nos dois anos, mas em 1998 o cultivo acumulou mais massa de raízes em R7 e mais massa, N e P na parte aérea em R8 e R8,5, o que resultou em produção de grãos 57 % superior em 1998. Isso indica que o rendimento de grãos de cultivares de feijoeiro não está intrinsecamente associado com o vigor vegetativo na floração e que mecanismos operantes durante o enchimento das vagens podem influenciar acentuadamente a produção de grãos. O estabelecimento de um profuso sistema radicular durante a emissão de vagens, associado com a contínua aquisição de N e P durante o início de enchimento de vagens, pode assumir relevância para obtenção de maiores rendimentos de grãos na cultura do feijão.

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          Selectable traits to increase crop photosynthesis and yield of grain crops.

          The grain yield of cereals has almost doubled this century as a result of genetic manipulation by plant breeding. Surprisingly, there has been no change in the rate of photosynthesis per unit leaf area to accompany these increases. However, total photosynthesis has increased as a result of an increase in leaf area, daily duration of photosynthesis or leaf area duration. There remain substantial opportunities to continue to improve total photosynthesis and crop yield genetically using conventional breeding practices. Selectable traits are discussed here in the context of increasing total above-ground biomass under favourable conditions. Opportunities exist to alter crop duration and the timing of crop development to match it better to radiation, temperature and vapour pressure during crop growth, and to increase the rate of development of early leaf area to achieve rapid canopy closure. The importance of these traits will depend on the environment in which the crop is grown. Increases in crop photosynthesis through breeding are also likely to come via indirect means. Selection for a high and sustained stomatal conductance during the period of stem elongation is one way. Increasing assimilate allocation to the reproductive primordia so as to establish a large potential sink should also indirectly increase total crop photosynthesis. Evidence in the major grain crops suggests that by anthesis the capacity for photosynthesis is high and that photosynthesis is not limiting during grain filling. To use this surplus capacity it is suggested that carbon and nitrogen partitioning to the reproductive meristem be increased so as to establish a high potential grain number and the potential for a large grain size. It is then expected that additional photosynthesis will follow, either by a longer daily duration of photosynthesis or by an extended leaf area duration.
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            Dynamics of exogenous nitrogen partitioning and nitrogen remobilization from vegetative organs in pea revealed by 15N in vivo labeling throughout seed filling.

            The fluxes of (1) exogenous nitrogen (N) assimilation and (2) remobilization of endogenous N from vegetative plant compartments were measured by 15N labeling during the seed-filling period in pea (Pisum sativum L. cv Cameor), to better understand the mechanism of N remobilization. While the majority (86%) of exogenous N was allocated to the vegetative organs before the beginning of seed filling, this fraction decreased to 45% at the onset of seed filling, the remainder being directed to seeds. Nitrogen remobilization from vegetative parts contributed to 71% of the total N in mature seeds borne on the first two nodes (first stratum). The contribution of remobilized N to total seed N varied, with the highest proportion at the beginning of filling; it was independent of the developmental stage of each stratum of seeds, suggesting that remobilized N forms a unique pool, managed at the whole-plant level and supplied to all filling seeds whatever their position on the plant. Once seed filling starts, N is remobilized from all vegetative organs: 30% of the total N accumulated in seeds was remobilized from leaves, 20% from pod walls, 11% from roots, and 10% from stems. The rate of N remobilization was maximal when seeds of all the different strata were filling, consistent with regulation according to the N demand of seeds. At later stages of seed filling, the rate of remobilization decreases and may become controlled by the amount of residual N in vegetative tissues.
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              Genetic Mapping of Agronomic Traits in Common Bean

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbcs
                Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo
                Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo
                Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo (Viçosa )
                1806-9657
                October 2008
                : 32
                : 5
                : 1977-1986
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Brazil
                [2 ] Embrapa Agrobiologia Brazil
                Article
                S0100-06832008000500019
                10.1590/S0100-06832008000500019
                7967ee9a-4962-4635-a592-0eebba165f30

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0100-0683&lng=en
                Categories
                SOIL SCIENCE

                Soil
                common bean,genotype,ontogeny,Phaseolus vulgaris,plant growth,root,feijão,genótipo,ontogenia,crescimento vegetal,raiz

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