11
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      La pena y la cura. Servicios de salud mental en Italia después del cierre de los hospitales psiquiátricos judiciales Translated title: Penal conviction and treatment. Mental health services in Italy after the closure of forensic hospitals

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Resumen: El artículo describe el proceso de reforma que tuvo lugar en Italia con el cierre de los seis hospitales psiquiátricos judiciales del país y su sustitución por pequeñas unidades forenses. El uso de los hospitales judiciales se regía por la exclusión de los juicios de las personas con enfermedades mentales graves que dificultaban el ejercicio de su capacidad, las cuales, si eran declaradas "socialmente peligrosas", eran sometidas a un sistema de "medidas de seguridad". Este cambio significativo, que se llevó a cabo a través de los Ministerios de Salud y de Justicia, y de las Regiones, ocurrió en Italia entre 2011 y 2017, y se entiende como el paso final del proceso de reforma en la atención de la salud mental que comenzó en 1978 y culminó con el cierre completo de todos los hospitales psiquiátricos en 1999. Las nuevas pequeñas unidades forenses/judiciales, con un número limitado de camas para todo el país, se denominan REMS (Residencias para la Ejecución de Medidas de Seguridad). Están gestionadas por las Regiones y se basan en los principios de orientación terapéutica y de recuperación, respuesta transitoria y territorial, y responsabilidad de los servicios de salud mental de la comunidad para facilitar el alta. Las formas de aplicación de la ley en lo que respecta a las características de las REMS fueron diversas, por ejemplo, gestión pública o privada, número de camas, política de puertas abiertas, inclusión en los departamentos de salud mental con fines de prevención y provisión de alternativas por parte de los servicios comunitarios de salud mental. Experiencias significativas, como la de Trieste y la región de Friuli Venezia Giulia, interpretan esta reforma en función del papel que desempeñan los servicios públicos de salud mental en la prevención de delitos mediante una respuesta rápida y eficaz a las crisis, estableciendo vías de atención personalizadas y apoyando a sus pacientes dentro de la prisión y en el sistema judicial. Todavía existe un difícil equilibrio con el sistema judicial y penitenciario, que a menudo hace hincapié en el confinamiento y la función "de custodia" en las REMS como novedoso sustituto de los antiguos hospitales judiciales y ejerce una presión constante para ampliar el uso y la disponibilidad de sus camas en cuanto a las medidas de seguridad temporales, incluido el desvío de personas de las prisiones a las REMS. El riesgo de una reacción contra la reforma ha sido frenado recientemente por la Corte Constitucional, pero persiste un duro debate sobre el futuro de las REMS. Los cambios más radicales y coherentes, según los instrumentos internacionales para la protección de los derechos humanos, solo pueden realizarse con nuevos cambios legislativos, abandonando los conceptos de incapacidad y peligrosidad, que siguen siendo pilares del Código Penal. El artículo ofrece datos generales recientes, prácticas pioneras, observaciones críticas y termina con indicaciones para el cambio en las políticas y las prácticas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: The paper describes the process of reform that took place in Italy with the closing of all of the forensic psychiatric hospitals in the country and their replacement with a network of small forensic units. The use of forensic hospitals was ruled by the exclusion from trials of persons with a severe mental illness that hampered their capacity, but, if declared ‘socially dangerous', were submitted to a system of ‘security measures'. This significant change in Italy occurred between 2011 and 2017, and it was meant as the final step of the reform process in mental heathcare that started in 1978, with the complete closure of all psychiatric hospitals in 1999. The new small forensic units, with an overall limited number of beds for the whole country, are called REMS (Residences for the Execution of Security Measures). They are managed by Regions and are based on the principles of therapeutic and recovery orientation, transitory and territorial response, and responsibility of community mental health services for facilitating discharge. The ways of implementing the law regarding REMS' features were diverse, e.g., public or private management, number of beds, open door policy, or inclusion in mental health departments aiming at the prevention and provision of alternatives on part of community mental health services. Some significant experiences were those of Trieste and the region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, which set up personalized pathways of care, supporting their patients within prison and in the judicial system. There is still a difficult balance with the judicial and prison system, which often emphasizes confinement and the ‘custodial' function in REMS as a novel substitute of old forensic hospitals, and makes ongoing pressure for a wider use and availability of their beds, including the diversion of people from prisons to REMS. The Constitutional Court has recently stopped the risk of a reaction against the reform, but there is still a harsh debate about the future of REMS. More radical and coherent changes, according to the CRPD and other international instruments for protection of human rights, can be carried out only with a further legislative change, abandoning the concepts of incapacity and dangerousness, which are still the pillars of the penal code. The article provides recent general data, exemplary practices, and critical observations, and concludes with a series of indications for change in policies and practices.

          Related collections

          Most cited references47

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          The intricate link between violence and mental disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.

          The relationship between mental illness and violence has a significant effect on mental health policy, clinical practice, and public opinion about the dangerousness of people with psychiatric disorders. To use a longitudinal data set representative of the US population to clarify whether or how severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression lead to violent behavior. Data on mental disorder and violence were collected as part of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a 2-wave face-to-face survey conducted by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. A total of 34 653 subjects completed NESARC waves 1 (2001-2003) and 2 (2004-2005) interviews. Wave 1 data on severe mental illness and risk factors were analyzed to predict wave 2 data on violent behavior. Reported violent acts committed between waves 1 and 2. Bivariate analyses showed that the incidence of violence was higher for people with severe mental illness, but only significantly so for those with co-occurring substance abuse and/or dependence. Multivariate analyses revealed that severe mental illness alone did not predict future violence; it was associated instead with historical (past violence, juvenile detention, physical abuse, parental arrest record), clinical (substance abuse, perceived threats), dispositional (age, sex, income), and contextual (recent divorce, unemployment, victimization) factors. Most of these factors were endorsed more often by subjects with severe mental illness. Because severe mental illness did not independently predict future violent behavior, these findings challenge perceptions that mental illness is a leading cause of violence in the general population. Still, people with mental illness did report violence more often, largely because they showed other factors associated with violence. Consequently, understanding the link between violent acts and mental disorder requires consideration of its association with other variables such as substance abuse, environmental stressors, and history of violence.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Reducing coercion in mental healthcare

            To examine the extent and nature of coercive practices in mental healthcare and to consider the ethical, human rights challenges facing the current clinical practices in this area. We consider the epidemiology of coercion in mental health and appraise the efficacy of attempts to reduce coercion and make specific recommendations for making mental healthcare less coercive and more consensual. We identified references through searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL Plus. Search was limited to articles published from January 1980 to May 2018. Searches were carried out using the terms mental health (admission or detain* or detention or coercion) and treatment (forcible or involuntary or seclusion or restraint). Articles published during this period were further identified through searches in the authors' personal files and Google Scholar. Articles resulting from searches and relevant references cited in those articles were reviewed. Articles and reviews of non-psychiatric population, children under 16 years, and those pertaining exclusively to people with dementia were excluded. Coercion in its various guises is embedded in mental healthcare. There is very little research in this area and the absence of systematic and routinely collected data is a major barrier to research as well as understanding the nature of coercion and attempts to address this problem. Examples of good practice in this area are limited and there is hardly any evidence pertaining to the generalisability or sustainability of individual programmes. Based on the review, we make specific recommendations to reduce coercive care. Our contention is that this will require more than legislative tinkering and will necessitate a fundamental change in the culture of psychiatry. In particular, we must ensure that clinical practice never compromises people's human rights. It is ethically, clinically and legally necessary to address the problem of coercion and make mental healthcare more consensual. All forms of coercive practices are inconsistent with human rights-based mental healthcare. This is global challenge that requires urgent action.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: not found
              • Article: not found

              Association of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Violence Perpetration in Adults and Adolescents from 15 Countries : A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                neuropsiq
                Revista de la Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría
                Rev. Asoc. Esp. Neuropsiq.
                Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0211-5735
                2340-2733
                June 2022
                : 42
                : 141
                : 227-249
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameRed Internacional de Colaboración en Salud Mental España
                [2] orgnameFederación Mundial de Salud Mental España
                Article
                S0211-57352022000100227 S0211-5735(22)04214100227
                10.4321/s0211-57352022000100015
                797a8ac1-1b2b-483b-b120-f125a9326aa8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 May 2022
                : 09 March 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 48, Pages: 23
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Dossier: Atención a la salud mental en prisión

                servicios de salud mental,peligrosidad,incapacidad,legislación,prisión,hospitales forenses,derechos humanos,reforma de la salud mental,forensic hospitals,human rights,mental health services,prison,legislation,incapacity,dangerousness,mental health reform

                Comments

                Comment on this article