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      An 8.5 m long ammonite drag mark from the Upper Jurassic Solnhofen Lithographic Limestones, Germany

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          Abstract

          Trackways and tracemakers preserved together in the fossil record are rare. However, the co-occurrence of a drag mark, together with the dead animal that produced it, is exceptional. Here, we describe an 8.5 m long ammonite drag mark complete with the preserved ammonite shell ( Subplanites rueppellianus) at its end. Previously recorded examples preserve ammonites with drag marks of < 1 m. The specimen was recovered from a quarry near Solnhofen, southern Germany. The drag mark consists of continuous parallel ridges and furrows produced by the ribs of the ammonite shell as it drifted just above the sediment surface, and does not reflect behaviour of the living animal.

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          First trace and body fossil evidence of a burrowing, denning dinosaur.

          David J. Varricchio, Anthony J Martin, Yoshihiro Katsura (2007)
          A fossil discovery in the mid-Cretaceous Blackleaf Formation of southwest Montana, USA, has yielded the first trace and body fossil evidence of burrowing behaviour in a dinosaur. Skeletal remains of an adult and two juveniles of Oryctodromeus cubicularis gen. et sp. nov. a new species of hypsilophodont-grade dinosaur, were found in the expanded distal chamber of a sediment-filled burrow. Correspondence between burrow and adult dimensions supports Oryctodromeus as the burrow maker. Additionally, Oryctodromeus exhibits features of the snout, shoulder girdle and pelvis consistent with digging habits while retaining cursorial hindlimb proportions. Association of adult and young within a terminal chamber provides definitive evidence of extensive parental care in the Dinosauria. As with modern vertebrate cursors that dig, burrowing in Oryctodromeus may have been an important adaptation for the rearing of young. Burrowing also represents a mechanism by which small dinosaurs may have exploited the extreme environments of polar latitudes, deserts and high mountain areas. The ability among dinosaurs to find or make shelter may contradict some scenarios of the Cretaceous-Paleogene impact event. Burrowing habits expand the known range of nonavian dinosaur behaviours and suggest that the cursorial ancestry of dinosaurs did not fully preclude the evolution of different functional regimes, such as fossoriality.
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            Acquisition of high resolution three-dimensional models using free, open-source, photogrammetric software

            PL Falkingham, Peter Falkingham (2012)
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              Ammonite biostratigraphy as a tool for dating Upper Jurassic lithographic limestones from South Germany – first results and open questions

              Günter Schweigert (2007)
              Article 0 comments Cited 48 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Steffen Kiel: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 May 2017
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0175426
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
                [2 ]Liverpool John Moores University, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool, United Kingdom
                [3 ]Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Germany
                [4 ]CosmoCaixa Museum, Barcelona, Spain
                Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, SWEDEN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                • Conceptualization: DRL.

                • Data curation: DRL PLF.

                • Formal analysis: DRL PLF.

                • Funding acquisition: DRL.

                • Investigation: DRL.

                • Methodology: DRL PLF.

                • Project administration: DRL.

                • Software: PLF.

                • Supervision: DRL APJ.

                • Validation: DRL PLF GS APJ.

                • Visualization: DRL PLF GS APJ.

                • Writing – original draft: DRL.

                • Writing – review & editing: DRL PLF GS APJ.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6985-3966
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-16-50789
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175426
                PMC ID: 5425149
                PubMed ID: 28489915
                SO-VID: 797e4816-7e81-4fe2-b0db-1141016a154b
                Copyright © © 2017 Lomax et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 23 December 2016
                Date accepted : 24 March 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, Pages: 9
                Funding
                The authors received no funding for this work.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Biostratigraphy
                Subject: Index Fossils
                Subject: Ammonites
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Biostratigraphy
                Subject: Index Fossils
                Subject: Ammonites
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Geology
                Subject: Stratigraphy
                Subject: Biostratigraphy
                Subject: Index Fossils
                Subject: Ammonites
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Fossils
                Subject: Index Fossils
                Subject: Ammonites
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Fossils
                Subject: Index Fossils
                Subject: Ammonites
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Physics
                Subject: Classical Mechanics
                Subject: Continuum Mechanics
                Subject: Fluid Mechanics
                Subject: Fluid Dynamics
                Subject: Drag
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Mineralogy
                Subject: Minerals
                Subject: Limestone
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Geology
                Subject: Geologic Time
                Subject: Mesozoic Era
                Subject: Jurassic Period
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Fossils
                Subject: Trace Fossils
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Fossils
                Subject: Trace Fossils
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Paleobiology
                Subject: Ichnology
                Subject: Trace Fossils
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Paleobiology
                Subject: Ichnology
                Subject: Trace Fossils
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Geology
                Subject: Petrology
                Subject: Sediment
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Geology
                Subject: Sedimentary Geology
                Subject: Sediment
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Fossils
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Fossils
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Paleobiology
                Subject: Paleozoology
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Paleobiology
                Subject: Paleozoology
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability 3D model generated via photogrammetry, including source photos taken by DRL and APJ. Model consists of 5,000,000 faces, downsampled from an original model of 20,206,944 faces. Texture resolution is 8000x8000. Available from: https://doi.org/10.6084/M9.figshare.4479734. Digital model of the complete drag mark, generated using photogrammetry of 645 photographs, showing close-up of the drag mark and the producer. Available from: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.4502807.

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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