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      Distinct Allelic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein 3-Alpha ( PvMSP-3α) Gene in Thailand Using PCR-RFLP

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          Abstract

          Considering the importance of merozoite surface proteins (MSPs) as vaccine candidates, this study was conducted to investigate the polymorphism and genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 3-alpha ( PvMSP-3α) in Thailand. To analyze genetic diversity, 118 blood samples containing P. vivax were collected from four malaria-endemic areas in western and southern Thailand. The DNA was extracted and amplified for the PvMSP-3α gene using nested PCR. The PCR products were genotyped by PCR-RFLP with Hha I and Alu I restriction enzymes. The combination patterns of Hha I and Alu I RFLP were used to identify allelic variants. Genetic evaluation and phylogenic analysis were performed on 13 sequences, including 10 sequences from our study and 3 sequences from GenBank. The results revealed three major types of PvMSP-3α, 91.5% allelic type A (∼1.8 kb), 5.1% allelic type B (∼1.5 kb), and 3.4% allelic type C (∼1.2 kb), were detected based on PCR product size with different frequencies. Among all PvMSP-3α, 19 allelic subtypes with Hha I RFLP patterns were distinguished and 6 allelic subtypes with Alu I RFLP patterns were identified. Of these samples, 73 (61%) and 42 (35.6%) samples were defined as monoallelic subtype infection by Hha I and Alu I PCR-RFLP, respectively, whereas 77 (65.3%) samples were determined to be mixed-allelic subtype infection by the combination patterns of Hha I and Alu I RFLP. These results strongly indicate that PvMSP-3α gene is highly polymorphic, particularly in blood samples collected from the Thai-Myanmar border area (the western part of Thailand). The combination patterns of Hha I and Alu I RFLP of the PvMSP-3α gene could be considered for use as molecular epidemiologic markers for genotyping P. vivax isolates in Thailand.

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          New developments in Plasmodium vivax malaria: severe disease and the rise of chloroquine resistance.

          Unlike Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax rarely causes severe disease in healthy travellers or in temperate endemic regions and has been regarded as readily treatable with chloroquine. However, in tropical areas, recent reports have highlighted severe and fatal disease associated with P. vivax infection. We review the evidence for severe disease and the spread of drug-resistant P. vivax and speculate how these maybe related. Studies from Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Thailand and India have shown that 21-27% of patients with severe malaria have P. vivax monoinfection. The clinical spectrum of these cases is broad with an overall mortality of 0.8-1.6%. Major manifestations include severe anaemia and respiratory distress, with infants being particularly vulnerable. Most reports of severe and fatal vivax malaria come from endemic regions where populations have limited access to healthcare, a high prevalence of comorbidity and where drug-resistant P. vivax strains and partially effective primaquine regimens significantly undermine the radical cure and control of this relapsing infection. The mechanisms underlying severe disease in vivax malaria remain poorly defined. Severe, fatal and multidrug-resistant vivax malaria challenge our perception of P. vivax as a benign disease. Strategies to understand and address these phenomena are needed urgently if the global elimination of malaria is to succeed.
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            Understanding the population genetics of Plasmodium vivax is essential for malaria control and elimination

            Traditionally, infection with Plasmodium vivax was thought to be benign and self-limiting, however, recent evidence has demonstrated that infection with P. vivax can also result in severe illness and death. Research into P. vivax has been relatively neglected and much remains unknown regarding the biology, pathogenesis and epidemiology of this parasite. One of the fundamental factors governing transmission and immunity is parasite diversity. An understanding of parasite population genetic structure is necessary to understand the epidemiology, diversity, distribution and dynamics of natural P. vivax populations. In addition, studying the population structure of genes under immune selection also enables investigation of the dynamic interplay between transmission and immunity, which is crucial for vaccine development. A lack of knowledge regarding the transmission and spread of P. vivax has been particularly highlighted in areas where malaria control and elimination programmes have made progress in reducing the burden of Plasmodium falciparum, yet P. vivax remains as a substantial obstacle. With malaria elimination back on the global agenda, mapping of global and local P. vivax population structure is essential prior to establishing goals for elimination and the roll-out of interventions. A detailed knowledge of the spatial distribution, transmission and clinical burden of P. vivax is required to act as a benchmark against which control targets can be set and measured. This paper presents an overview of what is known and what is yet to be fully understood regarding P. vivax population genetics, as well as the importance and application of P. vivax population genetics studies.
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              Genetic diversity and multiple infections of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Western Thailand.

              Using two polymorphic genetic markers, the merozoite surface protein-3alpha (MSP-3alpha) and the circumsporozoite protein (CSP), we investigated the population diversity of Plasmodium vivax in Mae Sod, Thailand from April 2000 through June 2001. Genotyping the parasites isolated from 90 malaria patients attending two local clinics for the dimorphic CSP gene revealed that the majority of the parasites (77%) were the VK210 type. Genotyping the MSP3-alpha gene indicated that P. vivax populations exhibited an equally high level of polymorphism as those from Papua New Guinea, a hyperendemic region. Based on the length of polymerase chain reaction products, three major types of the MSP-3alpha locus were distinguished, with frequencies of 74.8%, 18.7%, and 6.5%, respectively. The 13 alleles distinguished by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis did not show a significant seasonal variation in frequency. Genotyping the MSP-3alpha and CSP genes showed that 19.3% and 25.6% of the patients had multiple infections, respectively, and the combined rate was 35.6%. Comparisons of MSP-3alpha sequences from nine clones further confirmed the high level of genetic diversity of the parasite and also suggested that geographic isolation may exist. These results strongly indicate that P. vivax populations are highly diverse and multiple clonal infections are common in this malaria-hypoendemic region of Thailand.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                J Trop Med
                J Trop Med
                jtm
                Journal of Tropical Medicine
                Hindawi
                1687-9686
                1687-9694
                2023
                11 August 2023
                : 2023
                : 8855171
                Affiliations
                1Faculty of Medical Technology, Rangsit University, Pathumthani 12000, Thailand
                2Department of Community Medical Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
                3Drug Research Unit for Malaria (DRUM), Center of Excellence in Malaria Research, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Jianbing Mu

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7553-829X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5975-4021
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8214-5710
                https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1592-6150
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4561-4319
                Article
                10.1155/2023/8855171
                10438972
                37599666
                798fd1ed-82ca-4227-960d-02f81f866607
                Copyright © 2023 Kanyanan Kritsiriwuthinan et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 3 July 2023
                : 20 July 2023
                : 4 August 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: Rangsit University
                Award ID: RSU23/2561
                Categories
                Research Article

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Infectious disease & Microbiology

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