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      Análise de sistema de comunicação alternativa no ensino de requisitar por autistas Translated title: Examinar un sistema de comunicación alternativo en la enseñanza de pedidos por autistas Translated title: Analysis of an alternative communicative training for teaching request to autistic

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          Abstract

          O Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) é um sistema alternativo de comunicação no qual há o ensino da troca de cartões com figuras pelos itens representados nos cartões. Estudos visam avaliar seu uso na educação especial e a sua eficácia na promoção da comunicação por autistas. O objetivo deste estudo foi delimitar as condições contextuais sob as quais o protocolo de comunicação é efetivo, analisando algumas variáveis na aplicação das suas três primeiras fases, que ensinam comportamento de requisitar (emitir mandos). Quatro crianças autistas com idade entre 6 e 12 anos receberam treino sistemático das três primeiras fases do PECS, sendo documentadas as possíveis variáveis de controle para aquisição de mandos. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação do PECS foi efetiva, porém que há necessidade de descrição das especificidades do treino para maximizar seu uso na educação. É discutida a necessidade de maior identificação e controle de variáveis no ensino do PECS para que seja atestada a sua eficácia, corroborando a necessidade identificada na literatura de mais estudos que avaliem a efetividade do protocolo.

          Translated abstract

          El Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) es un sistema de comunicación en el cual hay la enseñanza de cambio de tarjetas con dibujos por los elementos representados en ellas. Los estudios objetivan evaluar el uso en educación especial y su eficacia en la promoción de la comunicación por autista. El objetivo de este estudio fue definir las condiciones contextuales en las que el protocolo de comunicación es efectivo, analizando algunas variables en la aplicación de sus primeras tres fases, que enseñan comportamientos de pedir (emitir mandos). Cuatro niños autistas con edades entre 6 y 12 años recibieron capacitación sistemática en las tres primeras fases del PECS, documentando las posibles variables de control para la adquisición de mandos. Los resultados mostraron que la aplicación del PECS fue efectiva, pero hay necesidad de describir las especificidades del entrenamiento para maximizar su uso en la educación. Es discutida la necesidad de mayor identificación y control de variables en la enseñanza con uso del PECS para que sea testada su eficacia, corroborando la necesidad identificada en la literatura de más estudios para evaluar la eficacia del protocolo.

          Translated abstract

          The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is an alternative communication system teaching to exchange figures for the items represented in cards. Many studies attempt to assess PECS effectiveness in special education, in promoting autistic communication for autistic people. The aim of this study was to define the contextual conditions under which the teaching protocol is effective, analyzing some variables to conduct its first three phases, teaching order behavior (expressing orders). Four autistic children aged between 6 and 12 years received systematic training of PECS first three phases, and the possible control variables for order acquisition were measured. The results showed that the application of PECS was effective, but there is need for description of the specific training to be used in special education. The paper discusses the need for greater identification and control variables in PECS teaching to attest its effectiveness, corroborating the need identified in the literature for further studies to evaluate the effectiveness of the Protocol.

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          Effectiveness of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) on communication and speech for children with autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis.

          The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is a popular communication-training program for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This meta-analysis reviews the current empirical evidence for PECS in affecting communication and speech outcomes for children with ASD. A systematic review of the literature on PECS written between 1994 and June 2009 was conducted. Quality of scientific rigor was assessed and used as an inclusion criterion in computation of effect sizes. Effect sizes were aggregated separately for single-subject and group studies for communication and speech outcomes. Eight single-subject experiments (18 participants) and 3 group studies (95 PECS participants, 65 in other intervention/control) were included. Results indicated that PECS is a promising but not yet established evidence-based intervention for facilitating communication in children with ASD ages 1-11 years. Small to moderate gains in communication were demonstrated following training. Gains in speech were small to negative. This meta-analysis synthesizes gains in communication and relative lack of gains made in speech across the PECS literature for children with ASD. Concerns about maintenance and generalization are identified. Emerging evidence of potential preintervention child characteristics is discussed. Phase IV was identified as a possibly influential program characteristic for speech outcomes.
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            Evaluation of a multiple-stimulus presentation format for assessing reinforcer preferences.

            We compared three methods for presenting stimuli during reinforcer-preference assessments: a paired-stimulus format (PS), a multiple-stimulus format in which selections were made with replacement (MSW), and a multiple-stimulus format in which selections were made without replacement (MSWO). Results obtained for 7 participants showed moderate to high rank-order correlations between the MSWO and PS procedures and a similar number of identified reinforcers. In addition, the time to administer the MSWO procedure was comparable to that required for the MSW method and less than half that required to administer the PS procedure. Subsequent tests of reinforcement effects revealed that some stimuli selected in the PS and MSWO procedures, but not selected in the MSW procedure, functioned as reinforcers for arbitrary responses. These preliminary results suggest that the multiple-stimulus procedure without replacement may share the respective advantages of the other methods.
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              Communication intervention for children with autism: a review of treatment efficacy.

              Empirical studies evaluating speech and language intervention procedures applied to children with autism are reviewed, and the documented benefits are summarized. In particular, interventions incorporating sign language, discrete-trial training, and milieu teaching procedures have been used successfully to expand the communication repertoires of children with autism. Other important developments in the field stem from interventions designed to replace challenging behaviors and to promote social and scripted interactions. The few studies of the parent and classroom training studies that included language measures also are analyzed. This article seeks to outline the extent to which previous research has helped identify a compendium of effective instructional practices that can guide clinical practice. It also seeks to highlight needs for further research to refine and extend current treatment approaches and to investigate more comprehensive treatment packages.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                psie
                Psicologia da Educação
                Psicol. educ.
                Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo. Programa de Estudos Pos-Graduados em Psicolgia Educação
                2175-3520
                June 2016
                : 0
                : 42
                : 23-33
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
                Article
                S1414-69752016000100003
                10.5935/2175-3520.20150022
                7991349e-1215-4a80-93de-67026b8fee03

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                PSYCHOLOGY, EDUCATIONAL

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                autismo,educação especial,comunicação alternativa,mandos,PECS,educación especial,comunicación alternativa,demandas,autism,special education,alternative communication,orders

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