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      Arboreal route navigation in a Neotropical mammal: energetic implications associated with tree monitoring and landscape attributes

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          Abstract

          Background

          Although navigating along a network of routes might constrain animal movement flexibility, it may be an energetically efficient strategy. Routinely using the same route allows for visually monitoring of food resources, which might reduce the cognitive load and as such facilitate the process of movement decision-making. Similarly, locating routes in areas that avoid costly landscape attributes will enhance their overall energy balance. In this study we determined the benefits of route navigation in an energy minimiser arboreal primate, the black howler monkey ( Alouatta pigra).

          Methods

          We monitored five neighbouring groups of black howler monkeys at Palenque National Park, Mexico from September 2016 through August 2017. We recorded the location of the focal group every 20 m and mapped all travel paths to establish a route network ( N = 1528 travel bouts). We constructed linear mixed models to assess the influence of food resource distribution ( N = 931 trees) and landscape attributes (slope, elevation and presence of canopy gaps) on the location of routes within a route network.

          Results

          The number of food trees that fell within the visual detection distance from the route network was higher (mean: 156.1 ± SD 44.9) than randomly simulated locations (mean: 121.9 ± SD 46.4). Similarly, the number of food trees found within the monkey’s visual range per meter travelled increased, on overage, 0.35 ± SE 0.04 trees/m with increasing use of the route. In addition, route segments used at least twice were more likely to occur with increasing density of food resources and decreasing presence of canopy gaps. Route segments used at least four times were more likely to occur in elevated areas within the home ranges but only under conditions of reduced visual access to food resources.

          Conclusions

          Route navigation emerged as an efficient movement strategy in a group-living arboreal primate. Highly used route segments potentially increased visual access to food resources while avoiding energetically costly landscape features securing foraging success in a tropical rainforest.

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          Most cited references57

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          Memory, navigation and theta rhythm in the hippocampal-entorhinal system.

          Theories on the functions of the hippocampal system are based largely on two fundamental discoveries: the amnestic consequences of removing the hippocampus and associated structures in the famous patient H.M. and the observation that spiking activity of hippocampal neurons is associated with the spatial position of the rat. In the footsteps of these discoveries, many attempts were made to reconcile these seemingly disparate functions. Here we propose that mechanisms of memory and planning have evolved from mechanisms of navigation in the physical world and hypothesize that the neuronal algorithms underlying navigation in real and mental space are fundamentally the same. We review experimental data in support of this hypothesis and discuss how specific firing patterns and oscillatory dynamics in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus can support both navigation and memory.
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            Path integration and the neural basis of the 'cognitive map'.

            The hippocampal formation can encode relative spatial location, without reference to external cues, by the integration of linear and angular self-motion (path integration). Theoretical studies, in conjunction with recent empirical discoveries, suggest that the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) might perform some of the essential underlying computations by means of a unique, periodic synaptic matrix that could be self-organized in early development through a simple, symmetry-breaking operation. The scale at which space is represented increases systematically along the dorsoventral axis in both the hippocampus and the MEC, apparently because of systematic variation in the gain of a movement-speed signal. Convergence of spatially periodic input at multiple scales, from so-called grid cells in the entorhinal cortex, might result in non-periodic spatial firing patterns (place fields) in the hippocampus.
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              Landsat-8: Science and product vision for terrestrial global change research

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                mdeguinea@gmail.com
                aestradaprimates@gmail.com
                anekaris@brookes.ac.uk
                sarievanbelle@gmail.com
                Journal
                Mov Ecol
                Mov Ecol
                Movement Ecology
                BioMed Central (London )
                2051-3933
                18 December 2019
                18 December 2019
                2019
                : 7
                : 39
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0726 8331, GRID grid.7628.b, Department of Social Sciences, , Oxford Brookes University, ; Gibbs Building, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP UK
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2159 0001, GRID grid.9486.3, Institute of Biology, , National Autonomous University of Mexico, ; Mexico City, Mexico
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9924, GRID grid.89336.37, Department of Anthropology, , University of Texas at Austin, ; Austin, TX USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8825-929X
                Article
                187
                10.1186/s40462-019-0187-z
                6918719
                799b85e1-bf17-43cc-a07b-36e1f3e494e9
                © The Author(s). 2019

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 18 September 2019
                : 5 December 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005739, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México;
                Award ID: UNAM-PAPIIT IN210216
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010053, Oxford Brookes University;
                Award ID: Doctoral Scholarship
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2019

                landscape,navigation,route selection,cognitive load,black howler monkey (alouatta pigra),topological cognitive map,route-based spatial map

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