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      Review of text‐to‐speech conversion for English

      The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
      Acoustical Society of America (ASA)

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          Abstract

          <p class="first" id="d5180228e51">The automatic conversion of English text to synthetic speech is presently being performed, remarkably well, by a number of laboratory systems and commercial devices. Progress in this area has been made possible by advances in linguistic theory, acoustic-phonetic characterization of English sound patterns, perceptual psychology, mathematical modeling of speech production, structured programming, and computer hardware design. This review traces the early work on the development of speech synthesizers, discovery of minimal acoustic cues for phonetic contrasts, evolution of phonemic rule programs, incorporation of prosodic rules, and formulation of techniques for text analysis. Examples of rules are used liberally to illustrate the state of the art. Many of the examples are taken from Klattalk, a text-to-speech system developed by the author. A number of scientific problems are identified that prevent current systems from achieving the goal of completely human-sounding speech. While the emphasis is on rule programs that drive a format synthesizer, alternatives such as articulatory synthesis and waveform concatenation are also reviewed. An extensive bibliography has been assembled to show both the breadth of synthesis activity and the wealth of phenomena covered by rules in the best of these programs. A recording of selected examples of the historical development of synthetic speech, enclosed as a 33 1/3-rpm record, is described in the Appendix. </p>

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
          The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
          Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
          0001-4966
          September 1987
          September 1987
          : 82
          : 3
          : 737-793
          Article
          10.1121/1.395275
          2958525
          79e44383-e48f-4f35-9e54-0033501d3028
          © 1987
          History

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