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      Comparison of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Strains Isolated From Healthy Poultry and Swine Farm Workers Using Antibiotics in Korea

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          The aim of this study is to compare the antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from faecal samples of workers who often use antibiotics.

          Methods

          A total of 163 E coli strains isolated from faecal samples of livestock workers (poultry and swine farm workers) and restaurant workers in the same regions as a control group were analyzed by agar disc diffusion to determine their susceptibility patterns to 16 antimicrobial agents.

          Results

          Most of the tested isolates showed high antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline. The isolates showed higher resistance to cephalothin than other antibiotics among the cephems. Among the aminoglycosides, the resistance to gentamicin and tobramycin occurred at higher frequencies compared with resistance to amikacin and netilmicin. Our data indicated that faecal E coli isolates of livestock workers showed higher antibiotic resistances than nonlivestock workers (restaurant workers), especially cephalothin, gentamicin, and tobramycin ( p < 0.05). Moreover, the rates of the livestock workers in the association of multidrug resistance were also higher than the rates of the restaurant workers.

          Conclusion

          This study implies that usage of antibiotics may contribute to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in commensal E coli strains of humans.

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          Most cited references23

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          Plasmid encoded antibiotic resistance: acquisition and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria.

          P. M. Bennett (2008)
          Bacteria have existed on Earth for three billion years or so and have become adept at protecting themselves against toxic chemicals. Antibiotics have been in clinical use for a little more than 6 decades. That antibiotic resistance is now a major clinical problem all over the world attests to the success and speed of bacterial adaptation. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria are varied and include target protection, target substitution, antibiotic detoxification and block of intracellular antibiotic accumulation. Acquisition of genes needed to elaborate the various mechanisms is greatly aided by a variety of promiscuous gene transfer systems, such as bacterial conjugative plasmids, transposable elements and integron systems, that move genes from one DNA system to another and from one bacterial cell to another, not necessarily one related to the gene donor. Bacterial plasmids serve as the scaffold on which are assembled arrays of antibiotic resistance genes, by transposition (transposable elements and ISCR mediated transposition) and site-specific recombination mechanisms (integron gene cassettes).The evidence suggests that antibiotic resistance genes in human bacterial pathogens originate from a multitude of bacterial sources, indicating that the genomes of all bacteria can be considered as a single global gene pool into which most, if not all, bacteria can dip for genes necessary for survival. In terms of antibiotic resistance, plasmids serve a central role, as the vehicles for resistance gene capture and their subsequent dissemination. These various aspects of bacterial resistance to antibiotics will be explored in this presentation.
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            The beta-lactamase threat in Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter.

            David M. Livermore, Neil Woodford (2006)
            Over the past 60 years, the use of successive generations of beta-lactam antibiotics has selected successive generations of beta-lactamase enzymes, each more potent than the last. Currently, rising problems include CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases and KPC carbapenemases in Enterobacteriaceae, while OXA- and metallo- carbapenemases are of growing importance in Acinetobacter spp. and (less so) in other non-fermenters. Escherichia coli isolates with CTX-M ESBLs are spreading multiresistance in the community and in hospitals, while carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter spp., mostly from intensive care, are among the most multiresistant nosocomial bacteria known and are often susceptible only to polymyxins and, potentially, tigecycline. This review discusses the epidemiology and microbiology of these resistance problems, along with possible solutions.
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              Antibiotic resistance of faecal Escherichia coli in poultry, poultry farmers and poultry slaughterers.

              A E van den Bogaard (2001)
              The percentage of faecal samples containing resistant Echerichia coli and the proportion of resistant faecal E. coli were determined in three poultry populations: broilers and turkeys commonly given antibiotics, and laying hens treated with antibiotics relatively infrequently. Faecal samples of five human populations were also examined: turkey farmers, broiler farmers, laying-hen farmers, broiler slaughterers and turkey slaughterers. The MICs of antibiotics commonly used in poultry medicine were also determined. Ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates from these eight populations and from turkey meat were genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after SmaI digestion. The proportion of samples containing resistant E. coli and the percentages of resistant E. coli were significantly higher in turkeys and broilers than in the laying-hen population. Resistance to nearly all antibiotics in faecal E. coli of turkey and broiler farmers, and of turkey and broiler slaughterers, was higher than in laying-hen farmers. Multiresistant isolates were common in turkey and broiler farmers but absent in laying-hen farmers. The same resistance patterns were found in turkeys, turkey farmers and turkey slaughterers and in broiler, broiler farmers and broiler slaughterers. The PFGE patterns of the isolates from the eight populations were quite heterogeneous, but E. coli with an identical PFGE pattern were isolated at two farms from a turkey and the farmer, and also from a broiler and a broiler farmer from different farms. Moreover, three E. coli isolates from turkey meat were identical to faecal isolates from turkeys. The results of this study strongly indicate that transmission of resistant clones and resistance plasmids of E. coli from poultry to humans commonly occurs.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Osong Public Health Res Perspect
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Osong Public Health Res Perspect
                Journal ID (publisher-id): kphrp1
                Title: Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives
                Publisher: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 2210-9099
                ISSN (Electronic): 2233-6052
                Publication date (Print): September 2012
                Volume: 3
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 151-155
                Affiliations
                Division of Enteric Diseases, Korean National Institute of Health, Osong, Korea.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author. E-mail: kyhfisher@ 123456korea.kr
                Article
                Publisher ID: EPHRP1-03-151
                DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2012.07.002
                PMC ID: 3738703
                PubMed ID: 24159507
                SO-VID: 79e7745c-2fed-4fa8-9c5f-3694e035f5bf
                Copyright © Copyright ©2012, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 02 July 2012
                Date revision received : 20 July 2012
                Date accepted : 23 July 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Articles

                Keywords: antibiotic resistance,escherichia coli,livestock workers,multidrug resistance
                Data availability:
                Keywords: antibiotic resistance, escherichia coli, livestock workers, multidrug resistance

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