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      Los esfuerzos preventivos de las comunidades autónomas y la desigualdad socioeconómica en la obesidad o el sobrepeso infantil Translated title: The preventive efforts of the Spanish autonomous regions and socio-economic inequality in childhood obesity or overweight

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo: Explorar las tendencias del sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil según la posición socioeconómica y en relación con el esfuerzo preventivo desarrollado por las comunidades autónomas. Método: Se trata de una serie de estudios transversales multinivel a partir de la información ofrecida por distintas olas de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud, específicamente las de 2003, 2006, 2011 y 2017. Se estimaron modelos de regresión logística jerárquica, con los individuos (nivel 1) anidados en la comunidad autónoma-periodo de estudio (nivel 2) y estos, a su vez, en las comunidades autónomas (nivel 3). Las principales variables independientes fueron el esfuerzo medio realizado por las comunidades autónomas en políticas de prevención del sobrepeso/obesidad infantil y el cambio en el esfuerzo en dichas políticas a lo largo de los periodos estudiados. Resultados: La probabilidad de obesidad o sobrepeso infantil se incrementa sustancialmente si el adulto entrevistado en el hogar también presenta obesidad o sobrepeso. El efecto conjunto de las políticas implementadas por las comunidades autónomas se asocia con una disminución significativa de la prevalencia solo para la población infantil que pertenece a clases sociales altas y medias (odds ratio[OR]: 0,89, intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 0,82-0,96, y OR: 0,93, IC95%: 0,88-0,97, respectivamente). Conclusiones: Las políticas implementadas por las comunidades autónomas parecen tener una capacidad limitada para conseguir reducciones significativas de la prevalencia de sobrepeso y de obesidad infantil. Los resultados sugieren que serían los grupos de clase media y alta los que parecen obtener mayores beneficios de estas políticas, lo cual podría contribuir indirectamente a aumentar las desigualdades en la obesidad infantil.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective: To explore trends in childhood overweight/obesity according to socio-economic status and in relation to the preventive effort developed by the Spanish autonomous regions. Method: A series of multilevel cross-sectional studies were conducted using data from different waves of the Spanish National Health Survey, namely 2003, 2006, 2011 and 2017. Hierarchical logistic regression models were estimated, with individuals (level 1) nested within the region-period of study (level 2) and these, in turn, within the region (level 3). The main independent variables were the average effort made by the Spanish autonomous regions in child overweight-obesity prevention policies and the change in the effort made in these policies over the periods studied. Results: The likelihood of obesity and/or overweight increases substantially if the adult respondent in the household is also obese or overweight. The joint effect of the policies implemented by the autonomous regions is associated with a significant decrease in prevalence only for children belonging to high and middle social classes (odds ratio [OR]: 0.89, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.82-0.96, and OR: 0.93, 95%CI: 0.88-0.97, respectively). Conclusions: The policies implemented by the Spanish autonomous regions seem to have a limited capacity to achieve significant reductions in the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity. The results suggest that it is the middle and upper-middle class groups that seem to benefit most from these policies, which could indirectly contribute to increasing inequalities in childhood obesity.

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          The Health Belief Model: a decade later.

          Since the last comprehensive review in 1974, the Health Belief Model (HBM) has continued to be the focus of considerable theoretical and research attention. This article presents a critical review of 29 HBM-related investigations published during the period of 1974-1984, tabulates the findings from 17 studies conducted prior to 1974, and provides a summary of the total 46 HBM studies (18 prospective, 28 retrospective). Twenty-four studies examined preventive-health behaviors (PHB), 19 explored sick-role behaviors (SRB), and three addressed clinic utilization. A "significance ratio" was constructed which divides the number of positive, statistically-significant findings for an HBM dimension by the total number of studies reporting significance levels for that dimension. Summary results provide substantial empirical support for the HBM, with findings from prospective studies at least as favorable as those obtained from retrospective research. "Perceived barriers" proved to be the most powerful of the HBM dimensions across the various study designs and behaviors. While both were important overall, "perceived susceptibility" was a stronger contributor to understanding PHB than SRB, while the reverse was true for "perceived benefits." "Perceived severity" produced the lowest overall significance ratios; however, while only weakly associated with PHB, this dimension was strongly related to SRB. On the basis of the evidence compiled, it is recommended that consideration of HBM dimensions be a part of health education programming. Suggestions are offered for further research.
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            Social Conditions As Fundamental Causes of Disease

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              Long-term impact of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence on morbidity and premature mortality in adulthood: systematic review.

              The last systematic review on the health consequences of child and adolescent obesity found little evidence on consequences for adult health. The present study aimed to summarize evidence on the long-term impact of child and adolescent obesity for premature mortality and physical morbidity in adulthood. Systematic review with evidence searched from January 2002 to June 2010. Studies were included if they contained a measure of overweight and/or obesity between birth and 18 years (exposure measure) and premature mortality and physical morbidity (outcome) in adulthood. Five eligible studies examined associations between overweight and/or obesity, and premature mortality: 4/5 found significantly increased risk of premature mortality with child and adolescent overweight or obesity. All 11 studies with cardiometabolic morbidity as outcomes reported that overweight and obesity were associated with significantly increased risk of later cardiometabolic morbidity (diabetes, hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke) in adult life, with hazard ratios ranging from 1.1-5.1. Nine studies examined associations of child or adolescent overweight and obesity with other adult morbidity: studies of cancer morbidity were inconsistent; child and adolescent overweight and obesity were associated with significantly increased risk of later disability pension, asthma, and polycystic ovary syndrome symptoms. A relatively large and fairly consistent body of evidence now demonstrates that overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence have adverse consequences on premature mortality and physical morbidity in adulthood.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria (SESPAS) (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                June 2022
                : 36
                : 3
                : 214-220
                Affiliations
                [1] Sevilla Andalucía orgnameUniversidad Pablo de Olavide orgdiv1Centro de Sociología y Políticas Locales/The Urban Governance Lab Spain
                [2] Sevilla Andalucía orgnameUniversidad Pablo de Olavide orgdiv1Centro de Sociología y Políticas Locales/The Urban Governance Lab orgdiv2Departamento de Antropología Social, Psicología Básica y Salud Pública, Área de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública Spain
                Article
                S0213-91112022000300214 S0213-9111(22)03600300214
                10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.08.004
                79eebf25-803f-4005-ba84-6787f80cbde8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 05 August 2021
                : 18 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales

                Políticas públicas,Obesity,Childhood overweight,Public policies,Health inequalities,Obesidad,Sobrepeso infantil,Desigualdades en salud

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