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      Entomological investigation of Japanese encephalitis outbreak in Malkangiri district of Odisha state, India

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          Abstract

          BACKGROUND

          A severe outbreak of Japanese encephalitis (JE) and acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) with high case fatality was reported from Malkangiri district of Odisha state, India during September to November 2016 affecting 336 children with 103 deaths.

          OBJECTIVES

          The purpose of this study was to investigate the outbreak in the light of entomological determinants.

          METHODS

          Entomological investigation was carried out in 48 villages from four mostly affected Community Health Centres (CHCs) of Malkangiri district. Dusk collections of resting adults was done in villages from indoor and outdoor sites to record the density of mosquito species, including the known JE vectors, feeding behaviour, parity, dusk index and infection status with JE virus (JEV).

          FINDINGS

          The per man hour density and dusk index of JE vector species varied from 2.5 to 24.0 and 0.81 to 7.62, respectively in study villages. A total of 1136 mosquitoes belonging to six vector species were subjected to PCR and one pool of Culex vishnui was found to be positive for JEV.

          CONCLUSION

          The JE transmission in Malkangiri district was confirmed. Thorough screening of human blood samples of JE/AES suspected cases and JE vector mosquitoes for the presence of JEV during rainy season every year is recommended.

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          Most cited references36

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          Japanese Encephalitis—A Pathological and Clinical Perspective

          Debapriya Ghosh, Anirban Basu (2009)
          Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the leading form of viral encephalitis in Asia. It is caused by the JE virus (JEV), which belongs to the family Flaviviridae. JEV is endemic to many parts of Asia, where periodic outbreaks take hundreds of lives. Despite the catastrophes it causes, JE has remained a tropical disease uncommon in the West. With rapid globalization and climatic shift, JEV has started to emerge in areas where the threat was previously unknown. Scientific evidence predicts that JEV will soon become a global pathogen and cause of worldwide pandemics. Although some research documents JEV pathogenesis and drug discovery, worldwide awareness of the need for extensive research to deal with JE is still lacking. This review focuses on the exigency of developing a worldwide effort to acknowledge the prime importance of performing an extensive study of this thus far neglected tropical viral disease. This review also outlines the pathogenesis, the scientific efforts channeled into develop a therapy, and the outlook for a possible future breakthrough addressing this killer disease.
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            HIV and aging.

            Edward J Wing (2016)
            With the wider availability of antiretrovirals, the world's HIV population is aging. More than 10% of the 34.5 million HIV-positive individuals worldwide are over the age of 50 years and the average age continues to increase. In the USA more than 50% of the 1.3 million people with HIV are over 50 years old and by the year 2030 it is estimated that 70% will be over the age of 50 years. Although the life expectancy of HIV-positive people has increased dramatically, it still lags behind that of HIV-negative individuals. There is controversy about whether HIV itself accelerates the aging process. Elevated rates of inflammation seen in people with HIV, even if their viral loads are suppressed and their CD4 counts are preserved, are associated with greater rates of cardiovascular, renal, neurocognitive, oncological, and osteoporotic disease. These conditions increase exponentially in the elderly and will represent a major challenge for HIV patients. In addition, conditions such as geriatric syndromes including frailty are also seen at higher rates. Management of the aging HIV patient includes an emphasis on early diagnosis and treatment, preventative measures for co-morbidities, and avoiding polypharmacy. Finally, the issue of quality of life, prioritization of medical issues, and end of life care become increasingly important as the patient grows older.
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              Molecular epidemiological analysis of Japanese encephalitis virus in China.

              Akira Kotaki, Xiao Wang, G Liang … (2007)
              Sixty-two new Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) isolates were obtained from mosquitoes, biting midges, human cerebrospinal fluid and human blood samples in China during 2002-2005. The E and prM genes were sequenced and phylogenetic analyses were performed with 38 JEV other isolates from China and 36 JEV strains from other countries. Phylogenetic trees based on the E and prM gene sequences were similar. The results indicate that: (i) recent JEV isolates from China are divided into two genotypes, genotype 1 and genotype 3; (ii) recent JEV isolates from China are grouped into the same clusters within genotypes 1 and 3; and (iii) genotype 1 JEV strains have been isolated in China since 1979, whilst genotype 3 JEV strains were isolated before the 1970s. The results suggest that genotype 1 JEV was introduced to China around 1979 and that JEV strains belonging to genotypes 1 and 3 circulate in China.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz
                Journal ID (publisher-id): mioc
                Title: Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
                Publisher: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde
                ISSN (Print): 0074-0276
                ISSN (Electronic): 1678-8060
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 May 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 113
                Issue: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: e170499
                Affiliations
                [1]Vector Control Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry, India
                Author notes
                [+ ] Corresponding author: sssahu1961@ 123456gmail.com

                AUTHORS' CONTRIBUTION

                SSS, KG and PJ designed the study and drafted the manuscript; SSS, SD, TS conducted the study in the field and analysed the data; molecular analysis was performed by SM and TS. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

                Article
                Other ID: 00302
                DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170499
                PMC ID: 5961925
                PubMed ID: 29768623
                SO-VID: 7a005d59-5f9e-4f1c-b3ef-aa13b519a0dd
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 16 November 2017
                Date accepted : 14 March 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: japanese encephalitis,outbreak,entomological investigation,malkangiri,odisha,india
                Data availability:
                Keywords: japanese encephalitis, outbreak, entomological investigation, malkangiri, odisha, india

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