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      Data on the migration of health-care workers: sources, uses, and challenges Translated title: Données sur la migration des agents de santé: sources, utilisations et problèmes Translated title: Datos sobre la migración de personal sanitario: fuentes, usos y problemas

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          Abstract

          The migration of health workers within and between countries is a growing concern worldwide because of its impact on health systems in developing and developed countries alike. Policy decisions need to be made at the national, regional and international levels to manage more effectively this phenomenon, but those decisions will be effective and correctly implemented and evaluated only if they are based on adequate statistical data. Most statistics on the migration of health-care workers are neither complete nor fully comparable, and they are often underused, limited (because they often give only a broad description of the phenomena) and not as timely as required. There is also a conflict between the wide range of potential sources of data and the poor statistical evidence on the migration of health personnel. There are two major problems facing researchers who wish to provide evidence on this migration: the problems commonly faced when studying migration in general, such as definitional and comparability problems of "worker migrations" and those related to the specific movements of the health workforce. This paper presents information on the uses of statistics and those who use them, the strengths and limitations of the main data sources, and other challenges that need to be met to obtain good evidence on the migration of health workers. This paper also proposes methods to improve the collection, analysis, sharing, and use of statistics on the migration of health workers.

          Translated abstract

          La migration des agents de santé d'un pays à l'autre et à l'intérieur d'un même pays pose un problème croissant partout dans le monde en raison de son impact sur les systèmes de santé dans les pays développés comme dans les pays en développement. Des décisions doivent être prises aux niveaux national, régional et international pour gérer plus efficacement ce phénomène, mais elles ne seront efficaces et leur mise en œuvre et leur évaluation ne seront correctes que si elles reposent sur des données statistiques adéquates. La plupart des statistiques sur la migration des agents de santé ne sont ni complètes ni totalement comparables, et elles sont souvent sous-utilisées, limitées (elles ne donnent souvent qu'une vue générale du phénomène) et insuffisamment tenues à jour. Il existe aussi une discordance entre la diversité des sources potentielles de données et la faiblesse des données statistiques sur la migration des personnels de santé. Les chercheurs qui s'intéressent à ce phénomène se heurtent à deux problèmes principaux, ceux que l'on rencontre couramment lorsqu'on étudie les migrations en général, et qui sont des problèmes de définition et de comparabilité des migrations de travailleurs, et ceux liés aux mouvements spécifiques des personnels de santé. Le présent article donne des informations sur les utilisations et les utilisateurs des statistiques, sur les forces et les faiblesses des principales sources de données et sur les autres problèmes qui doivent être résolus pour obtenir des données de bonne qualité sur la migration des agents de santé. Il propose également des méthodes pour améliorer la collecte, l'analyse, le partage et l'utilisation des données statistiques sur la migration des agents de santé.

          Translated abstract

          La migración del personal de salud en el interior de los países y entre ellos es motivo de creciente preocupación en todo el mundo debido a su repercusión en los sistemas de salud tanto en los países desarrollados como en los países en desarrollo. Es preciso tomar decisiones de política a nivel nacional, regional e internacional para gestionar más eficazmente este fenómeno, pero esas decisiones sólo serán eficaces y se aplicarán y evaluarán correctamente si están basadas en datos estadísticos adecuados. La mayoría de las estadísticas de migración de personal sanitario presentan lagunas y no son plenamente comparables, y a menudo se infrautilizan, tienen un alcance limitado (porque suelen proporcionar sólo una descripción general de los fenómenos) y no están actualizadas. Existe también un conflicto entre la variedad de las posibles fuentes de datos y la escasa evidencia estadística sobre la migración del personal de salud. Los investigadores interesados en aportar pruebas científicas sobre este tipo de migración tienen que hacer frente a dos importantes dificultades: por una parte, los problemas que surgen habitualmente cuando se estudian las migraciones en general, como son los asociados a la definición y la comparabilidad de las migraciones de trabajadores, y por otra parte los problemas relacionados con los movimientos específicos de profesionales de la salud. En este artículo se habla del uso de las estadísticas y de quienes las usan, de los puntos fuertes y débiles de las principales fuentes de datos, y de otros retos que es necesario afrontar para obtener evidencia sólida sobre la migración de personal sanitario. En el artículo se proponen también diversos métodos para mejorar la recogida, el análisis, el intercambio y el uso de datos sobre la migración de personal sanitario.

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          Monitoring and evaluation of human resources for health: an international perspective

          Background Despite the undoubted importance of human resources to the functions of health systems, there is little consistency between countries in how human resource strategies are monitored and evaluated. This paper presents an integrated approach for developing an evidence base on human resources for health (HRH) to support decision-making, drawing on a framework for health systems performance assessment. Methods Conceptual and methodological issues for selecting indicators for HRH monitoring and evaluation are discussed, and a range of primary and secondary data sources that might be used to generate indicators are reviewed. Descriptive analyses are conducted drawing primarily on one type of source, namely routinely reported data on the numbers of health personnel and medical schools as covered by national reporting systems and compiled by the World Health Organization. Regression techniques are used to triangulate a given HRH indicator calculated from different data sources across multiple countries. Results Major variations in the supply of health personnel and training opportunities are found to occur by region. However, certain discrepancies are also observed in measuring the same indicator from different sources, possibly related to the occupational classification or to the sources' representation. Conclusion Evidence-based information is needed to better understand trends in HRH. Although a range of sources exist that can potentially be used for HRH assessment, the information that can be derived from many of these individual sources precludes refined analysis. A variety of data sources and analytical approaches, each with its own strengths and limitations, is required to reflect the complexity of HRH issues. In order to enhance cross-national comparability, data collection efforts should be processed through the use of internationally standardized classifications (in particular, for occupation, industry and education) at the greatest level of detail possible.
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            Developing evidence-based ethical policies on the migration of health workers: conceptual and practical challenges

            It is estimated that in 2000 almost 175 million people, or 2.9% of the world's population, were living outside their country of birth, compared to 100 million, or 1.8% of the total population, in 1995. As the global labour market strengthens, it is increasingly highly skilled professionals who are migrating. Medical practitioners and nurses represent a small proportion of highly skilled workers who migrate, but the loss of health human resources for developing countries can mean that the capacity of the health system to deliver health care equitably is compromised. However, data to support claims on both the extent and the impact of migration in developing countries is patchy and often anecdotal, based on limited databases with highly inconsistent categories of education and skills. The aim of this paper is to examine some key issues related to the international migration of health workers in order to better understand its impact and to find entry points to developing policy options with which migration can be managed. The paper is divided into six sections. In the first, the different types of migration are reviewed. Some global trends are depicted in the second section. Scarcity of data on health worker migration is one major challenge and this is addressed in section three, which reviews and discusses different data sources. The consequences of health worker migration and the financial flows associated with it are presented in section four and five, respectively. To illustrate the main issues addressed in the previous sections, a case study based mainly on the United Kingdom is presented in section six. This section includes a discussion on policies and ends by addressing the policy options from a broader perspective.
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              Assessing human resources for health: what can be learned from labour force surveys?

              Background Human resources are an essential element of a health system's inputs, and yet there is a huge disparity among countries in how human resource policies and strategies are developed and implemented. The analysis of the impacts of services on population health and well-being attracts more interest than analysis of the situation of the workforce in this area. This article presents an international comparison of the health workforce in terms of skill mix, sociodemographics and other labour force characteristics, in order to establish an evidence base for monitoring and evaluation of human resources for health. Methods Profiles of the health workforce are drawn for 18 countries with developed market and transitional economies, using data from labour force and income surveys compiled by the Luxembourg Income Study between 1989 and 1997. Further descriptive analyses of the health workforce are conducted for selected countries for which more detailed occupational information was available. Results Considerable cross-national variations were observed in terms of the share of the health workforce in the total labour market, with little discernible pattern by geographical region or type of economy. Increases in the share were found among most countries for which time-trend data were available. Large gender imbalances were often seen in terms of occupational distribution and earnings. In some cases, health professionals, especially physicians, were overrepresented among the foreign-born compared to the total labour force. Conclusions While differences across countries in the profile of the health workforce can be linked to the history and role of the health sector, at the same time some common patterns emerge, notably a growing trend of health occupations in the labour market. The evidence also suggests that gender inequity in the workforce remains an important shortcoming of many health systems. Certain unexpected patterns of occupational distribution and educational attainment were found that may be attributable to differences in health care delivery and education systems; however, definitional inconsistencies in the classification of health occupations across surveys were also apparent.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra, Genebra, Switzerland )
                0042-9686
                August 2004
                : 82
                : 8
                : 601-607
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameWorld Health Organization diallok@ 123456who.int
                Article
                S0042-96862004000800010 S0042-9686(04)08200810
                /S0042-96862004000800010
                2622923
                15375450
                7a16738e-3db9-4d45-a818-6f16352a4cbf

                History
                : 06 April 2004
                : 02 April 2004
                : 03 November 2003
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 16, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Policy and Practice

                Data collection,Statistics,Data interpretation,Developing countries,Developed countries,Personnel santé,Exode des compétences,Emigration et immigration,Collecte données,Statistique,Interprétation statistique données,Pays en développement,Pays développé,Recursos humanos en salud,Éxodo intellectual,Migración internacional,Recolección de datos,Estadística,Interpretación estadística de datos,Países en desarrollo,Países desarrollados,Health manpower,Brain drain,Emigration and immigration

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