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      Methodology for quantifying engineered nanomaterial release from diverse product matrices under outdoor weathering conditions and implications for life cycle assessment

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          Abstract

          Accurate measurement of engineered nanomaterial (ENM) release from diverse product lines and matrices during use is critical to evaluating environmental impacts across the life cycle of a nano-enabled product.

          Abstract

          Accurate measurement of engineered nanomaterial (ENM) release from diverse product lines and matrices during use is critical to evaluating environmental impacts across the life cycle of a nano-enabled product. While indoor accelerated weathering and a handful of outdoor weathering case studies exist, there has not been a standard methodology applied to characterize ENM release during outdoor weathering suitable for simultaneous use in multiple geographic locations. Such an approach has been established and is presented herein, to quantify ENM release and product transformations with the additional goal of improving life cycle assessments (LCA) of nano-enabled products. A team of experimentalists and life cycle practitioners engaged in the development of the methodology to ensure the data collected is useful to inform improved LCA and environmental impact characterization. While the method was developed to be broadly applicable, the examples included here are representative polymer nanocomposite (PNC) platforms, including multiple ENMs ( i.e., nano-silver and carbon nanotubes) within different polymer matrices ( i.e., polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and polycaprolactone). This unique methodology enables the study of ENM release under real climate conditions ( i.e., composites are weathered outside) that coordinates: (i) multiple locations with distinct climates, (ii) the application of appropriate techniques to quantify ENM release at low (μg) released masses, (iii) tracking changes in efficacy as a function of weathering, and (iv) acquiring data to inform life cycle assessment. Initial findings (following one year of weathering polymer matrices) are included to demonstrate the type of data acquired and utility of the analysis enabled by this method.

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          Most cited references43

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          Global life cycle releases of engineered nanomaterials

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            Photodegradation and photostabilization of polymers, especially polystyrene: review

            Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation may cause the significant degradation of many materials. UV radiation causes photooxidative degradation which results in breaking of the polymer chains, produces free radical and reduces the molecular weight, causing deterioration of mechanical properties and leading to useless materials, after an unpredictable time. Polystyrene (PS), one of the most important material in the modern plastic industry, has been used all over the world, due to its excellent physical properties and low-cost. When polystyrene is subjected to UV irradiation in the presence of air, it undergoes a rapid yellowing and a gradual embrittlement. The mechanism of PS photolysis in the solid state (film) depends on the mobility of free radicals in the polymer matrix and their bimolecular recombination. Free hydrogen radicals diffuse very easily through the polymer matrix and combine in pairs or abstract hydrogen atoms from polymer molecule. Phenyl radical has limited mobility. They may abstract hydrogen from the near surrounding or combine with a polymer radical or with hydrogen radicals. Almost all synthetic polymers require stabilization against adverse environmental effects. It is necessary to find a means to reduce or prevent damage induced by environmental components such as heat, light or oxygen. The photostabilization of polymers may be achieved in many ways. The following stabilizing systems have been developed, which depend on the action of stabilizer: (1) light screeners, (2) UV absorbers, (3) excited-state quenchers, (4) peroxide decomposers, and (5) free radical scavengers; of these, it is generally believed that excited-state quenchers, peroxide decomposers, and free radical scavengers are the most effective. Research into degradation and ageing of polymers is extremely intensive and new materials are being synthesized with a pre-programmed lifetime. New stabilizers are becoming commercially available although their modes of action are sometimes not thoroughly elucidated. They target the many possible ways of polymer degradation: thermolysis, thermooxidation, photolysis, photooxidation, radiolysis etc. With the goal to increase lifetime of a particular polymeric material, two aspects of degradation are of particular importance: Storage conditions, and Addition of appropriate stabilizers. A profound knowledge of degradation mechanisms is needed to achieve the goal.
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              Industrial production quantities and uses of ten engineered nanomaterials in Europe and the world

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ESNNA4
                Environmental Science: Nano
                Environ. Sci.: Nano
                Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
                2051-8153
                2051-8161
                2017
                2017
                : 4
                : 9
                : 1784-1797
                Article
                10.1039/C7EN00410A
                7a21cb69-5625-43e3-9287-edd7d20dd8b2
                © 2017
                History

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