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      Uso y manejo de hongos silvestres en dos comunidades de la Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, México Translated title: Use and handling of wild fungi in two communities of the Lacandona Rainforest, Chiapas, Mexico

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          Abstract

          En Chiapas, al sur de México, se han desarrollado algunos trabajos que han abordado ciertos aspectos de la relación entre los pueblos mayas y los hongos. Sin embargo, el cómo los pueblos de la Selva Lacandona se relacionan con los hongos, su conocimiento micológico local así como los usos que le dan a estos organismos, son fenómenos que se les ha prestado poca atención. En este trabajo nos enfocamos en describir y analizar aspectos relativos al uso y a diferentes prácticas culturales alrededor de los hongos en una comunidad de migrantes mestizos de reciente creación llamada Playón de la Gloria (PG) y una comunidad lacandona, Lacanjá-Chansayab (LC), cuyos ancestros tienen al menos 300 años habitando la selva. A través de una aproximación cualitativa, se realizó un etnomicografía a través de técnicas como observación participante, recorridos etnomicológicos y entrevistas con informantes claves y de calidad. En ambas comunidades, pese a tener historias distintas, presentan bastantes similitudes como: el número de especies consumidas y la composición de ellas (10 en PG y 11 en LC); la gran mayoría de ellas son lignícolas; el consumo es ocasional; existe una ausencia total de intoxicaciones accidentales, y en general, patrones similares de manejo del recurso.

          Translated abstract

          In Chiapas, at the south of Mexico, have been developed some studies about the relation between mushrooms and the mayan people. However, the way that people in the Lacandona Rainforest are related with the mushrooms, their local mycological knowledge, and the mushroom's uses, are points that have been given little attention. In this paper we focus on describing and analyzing aspects related with the mushroom's uses and cultural practices in Playon de la Gloria (PG), a recent mestizo community, and Lacanja-Chansayab (LC), a lacandon community whose ancestors have at least 300 years living in the forest. Through a qualitative approach, we constructed a ethnomycography through different techniques like participant observation, ethnomycological forays and interviews with several informants. In both communities, although they have different histories, have as many similarities as: the number and the composition of edible species (10 in PG, 11 in LC) the vast majority of them are lignicolous; consumption is occasional, there is a total absence of accidental poisoning, and in general, similar patterns of resource management.

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          The Discovery of Grounded Theory

          <p>Most writing on sociological method has been concerned with how accurate facts can be obtained and how theory can thereby be more rigorously tested. In The Discovery of Grounded Theory, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss address the equally Important enterprise of how the discovery of theory from data--systematically obtained and analyzed in social research--can be furthered. The discovery of theory from data--grounded theory--is a major task confronting sociology, for such a theory fits empirical situations, and is understandable to sociologists and laymen alike. Most important, it provides relevant predictions, explanations, interpretations, and applications.</p><p>In Part I of the book, Generation Theory by Comparative Analysis, the authors present a strategy whereby sociologists can facilitate the discovery of grounded theory, both substantive and formal. This strategy involves the systematic choice and study of several comparison groups. In Part II, The Flexible Use of Data, the generation of theory from qualitative, especially documentary, and quantitative data Is considered. In Part III, Implications of Grounded Theory, Glaser and Strauss examine the credibility of grounded theory.</p><p>The Discovery of Grounded Theory is directed toward improving social scientists' capacity for generating theory that will be relevant to their research. While aimed primarily at sociologists, it will be useful to anyone Interested In studying social phenomena--political, educational, economic, industrial-- especially If their studies are based on qualitative data.</p></p>
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            Fungus flora of Venezuela and adjacent countries

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              Understanding cultural significance, the edible mushrooms case

              Background Cultural significance is a keystone in quantitative ethnobiology, which offers the possibility to make inferences about traditional nomenclature systems, use, appropriation and valuing of natural resources. In the present work, using as model the traditional mycological knowledge of Zapotecs from Oaxaca, Mexico, we analyze the cultural significance of wild edible resources. Methods In 2003 we applied 95 questionnaires to a random sample of informants. With this data we integrated the Edible Mushroom Cultural Significance Index. This index included eight variables: frequency of mention, perceived abundance, use frequency, taste, multifunctional food use, knowledge transmission, health and economy. Data were analyzed in an inductive perspective using ordination and grouping techniques to reveal the behavior of species in a cultural multivariate dimension. Results In each variable the species had different conducts. Cantharellus cibarius s.l. was the species with most frequency of mention. Pleurotus sp. had the highest perceived abundance. C. cibarius s.l. was the most frequently consumed species. Gomphus clavatus was the most palatable species and also ranked highest in the multifunctional food index. Cortinarius secc.Malacii sp. had the highest traditional importance. Only Tricholoma magnivelare was identified as a health enhancer. It also had the most economic importance. According to the compound index, C. cibarius s.l., the Amanita caesarea complex, Ramaria spp. and Neolentinus lepideus were the mushrooms with highest cultural significance. Multivariate analysis showed that interviewees identify three main groups of mushrooms: species with high traditional values, frequent consumption and known by the majority; species that are less known, infrequently consumed and without salient characteristics; and species with low traditional values, with high economic value and health enhancers. Conclusion The compound index divided the cultural significance into several cultural domains and showed the causes that underlie this phenomenon. This approach can be used in cross-cultural studies because it brings a list with the relative position of species among a cultural significance gradient. This list is suitable for comparisons and also it is flexible because cultural variables can be included or removed to adjust it to the nature of the different cultures or resources under study.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rmm
                Revista mexicana de micología
                Rev. Mex. Mic
                Sociedad Mexicana de Micología (Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico )
                0187-3180
                June 2009
                : 29
                : 61-72
                Affiliations
                [03] orgnameEl Colegio de la Frontera Sur orgdiv1Unidad San Cristóbal de Las Casas
                [01] orgnameUniversidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas
                [02] orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias orgdiv2Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Biogeografía Ecológica de Hongos
                [04] orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias orgdiv2Laboratorio de Heterobasidiomycetes Tremeloides
                Article
                S0187-31802009000100009 S0187-3180(09)02900000009
                7a25c4f9-04b7-4ed0-a0d2-b78ef643a3e5

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 24 June 2009
                : 17 February 2009
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 44, Pages: 12
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                SciELO Mexico

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                local mycological knowledge,etnomicología,etnobiología,edible mushrooms,ethnomycology,conocimiento micológico local,hongos comestibles,ethnobiology

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