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      Metabolic syndrome among adolescents in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, is attributable to the high prevalence of low HDL levels: a cross-sectional study

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          Abstract

          Background

          Metabolic syndrome (MetS) describes a combination of risk factors that increase the risk of developing chronic diseases. The prevalences of MetS and its risk factors are increasing, especially in the Arab region. A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the prevalences of MetS and its associated risk factors among adolescents in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

          Methods

          A total of 596 students (308 boys and 288 girls) aged 10 to 15.9 years old were recruited from 14 public secondary schools in Dubai, UAE. Anthropometric and biochemical data were measured.

          Results

          According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, the prevalence of MetS was 3.7%, and it was more common among boys than girls (12 boys versus 10 girls). MetS was also more likely to be found in students who were obese or overweight than those with normal weight. The most prevalent and significant MetS risk factor was low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels.

          Conclusions

          This study indicates the importance of carrying out further investigations about the constituents of HDL and their atherogenic effects. Additionally, these results strongly recommend setting a consensus for HDL measurement, since small variations in methodologies may lead to substantial deviations in results.

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          Most cited references35

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          Overweight and Obesity in Eastern Mediterranean Region: Prevalence and Possible Causes

          The objective of this paper was to explore the prevalence of overweight and obesity among various age groups as well as discuss the possible factors that associated with obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). A systematic review of published papers between 1990 and 2011 was carried out. Obesity reached an alarming level in all age groups of the EMR countries. The prevalence of overweight among preschool children(<5 years) ranged from 1.9% to 21.9%, while the prevalence of overweight and obesity among school children ranged from 7% to 45%. Among adults the prevalence of overweight and obesity ranged from 25% to 81.9%. Possible factors determining obesity in this region include: nutrition transition, inactivity, urbanization, marital status, a shorter duration of breastfeeding, frequent snacking, skipping breakfast, a high intake of sugary beverages, an increase in the incidence of eating outside the home, long periods of time spent viewing television, massive marketing promotion of high fat foods, stunting, perceived body image, cultural elements and food subsidize policy. A national plan of action to overcome obesity is urgently needed to reduce the economic and health burden of obesity in this region.
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            The prevalence and trends of overweight, obesity and nutrition-related non-communicable diseases in the Arabian Gulf States.

            This paper reviews studies on the prevalence of overweight, obesity and related nutrition-related non-communicable diseases in Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Obesity is common among women; while men have an equal or higher overweight prevalence. Among adults, overweight plus obesity rates are especially high in Kuwait, Qatar and Saudi Arabia, and especially among 30-60 year olds (70-85% among men; 75-88% among women), with lower levels among younger and elderly adults. The rate of increase in obesity was pronounced in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Prevalence of obesity is high among Kuwaiti and Saudi pre-schoolers (8-9%), while adolescent overweight and obesity are among the highest in the world, with Kuwait having the worst estimates (40-46%); however, comparison of child data is difficult because of differing standards. Among nutrition-related non-communicable diseases, hypertension and diabetes levels are very high and increase with age, with the UAE performing the worst because of a rapid rate of increase between 1995 and 2000. Additional monitoring of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cancers is necessary. Nationally representative longitudinal surveys with individual, household and community-level information are needed to determine the importance of various factors that contribute to these troubling trends. © 2010 The Authors. obesity reviews © 2010 International Association for the Study of Obesity.
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              Importance of salt in determining blood pressure in children: meta-analysis of controlled trials.

              To assess the effect of reducing salt intake on blood pressure in children, we carried out a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Trials were included if participants were children ( or = 2 weeks. Mean effect size was calculated using a fixed-effect model, because there was no significant heterogeneity. Ten trials of children and adolescents with 966 participants were included (median age: 13 years; range: 8 to 16 years; median duration: 4 weeks; range: 2 weeks to 3 years). Salt intake was reduced by 42% (interquartile range [IQR]: 7% to 58%). There were significant reductions in blood pressure: systolic: -1.17 mm Hg (95% CI: -1.78 to -0.56 mm Hg; P<0.001); diastolic: -1.29 mm Hg (95% CI: -1.94 to -0.65 mm Hg; P<0.0001). Three trials of infants with 551 participants were included (median duration: 20 weeks; range: 8 weeks to 6 months). Salt intake was reduced by 54% (IQR: 51% to 79%). There was a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure: -2.47 mm Hg (95% CI: -4.00 to -0.94 mm Hg; P<0.01). This is the first meta-analysis of salt reduction in children, and it demonstrates that a modest reduction in salt intake causes immediate falls in blood pressure and, if continued, may well lessen the subsequent rise in blood pressure with age. This would result in major reductions in cardiovascular disease. These results in conjunction with other evidence provide strong support for a reduction in salt intake in children.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                dalia.haroun@zu.ac.ae
                rola.mechli@zu.ac.ae
                health@razansahuri.com
                safa.al-khatib.14@alumni.ucl.ac.uk
                oo01@aub.edu.lb
                cae14@mail.aub.edu
                lesley.wood@bristol.ac.ae
                drsowaidi@gmail.com
                Journal
                BMC Public Health
                BMC Public Health
                BMC Public Health
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-2458
                21 November 2018
                21 November 2018
                2018
                : 18
                : 1284
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.444464.2, Department of Public Health and Nutrition, College of Natural and Health Sciences, , Zayed University, ; Dubai, United Arab Emirates
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9801, GRID grid.22903.3a, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, , American University of Beirut, ; Beirut, Lebanon
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1773 3198, GRID grid.415786.9, School Health Center, Ministry of Health and Prevention, ; Dubai, United Arab Emirates
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6832-144X
                Article
                6215
                10.1186/s12889-018-6215-x
                6249919
                30463538
                7a4d53a8-435b-404b-9748-0db9e08b9b1c
                © The Author(s). 2018

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 27 February 2018
                : 12 November 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008675, Zayed University;
                Award ID: R13055
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Public health
                metabolic syndrome,adolescents,uae,hdl
                Public health
                metabolic syndrome, adolescents, uae, hdl

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