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      Fumonisins: Impact on Agriculture, Food, and Human Health and their Management Strategies

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          Abstract

          The fumonisins producing fungi, Fusarium spp., are ubiquitous in nature and contaminate several food matrices that pose detrimental health hazards on humans as well as on animals. This has necessitated profound research for the control and management of the toxins to guarantee better health of consumers. This review highlights the chemistry and biosynthesis process of the fumonisins, their occurrence, effect on agriculture and food, along with their associated health issues. In addition, the focus has been put on the detection and management of fumonisins to ensure safe and healthy food. The main focus of the review is to provide insights to the readers regarding their health-associated food consumption and possible outbreaks. Furthermore, the consumers’ knowledge and an attempt will ensure food safety and security and the farmers’ knowledge for healthy agricultural practices, processing, and management, important to reduce the mycotoxin outbreaks due to fumonisins.

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          Most cited references224

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          Some major mycotoxins and their mycotoxicoses--an overview.

          Mycotoxins likely have existed for as long as crops have been grown but recognition of the true chemical nature of such entities of fungal metabolism was not known until recent times. Conjecturally, there is historical evidence of their presence back as far as the time reported in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Evidence of their periodic, historical occurrence exists until the recognition of aflatoxins in the early 1960s. At that time mycotoxins were considered as a storage phenomenon whereby grains becoming moldy during storage allowed for the production of these secondary metabolites proven to be toxic when consumed by man and other animals. Subsequently, aflatoxins and mycotoxins of several kinds were found to be formed during development of crop plants in the field. The determination of which of the many known mycotoxins are significant can be based upon their frequency of occurrence and/or the severity of the disease that they produce, especially if they are known to be carcinogenic. Among the mycotoxins fitting into this major group would be the aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, ochratoxin and certain ergot alkaloids. The diseases (mycotoxicoses) caused by these mycotoxins are quite varied and involve a wide range of susceptible animal species including humans. Most of these diseases occur after consumption of mycotoxin contaminated grain or products made from such grains but other routes of exposure exist. The diagnosis of mycotoxicoses may prove to be difficult because of the similarity of signs of disease to those caused by other agents. Therefore, diagnosis of a mycotoxicoses is dependent upon adequate testing for mycotoxins involving sampling, sample preparation and analysis.
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            Production of fumonisin analogs by Fusarium species.

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              Pulmonary edema and hydrothorax in swine produced by fumonisin B1, a toxic metabolite of Fusarium moniliforme.

              Pulmonary edema and hydrothorax were observed in mature swine that died approximately 5 days after consuming corn screenings. These postmortem observations were reproduced in younger swine (16-24 kg) that died within 1 week when fed the corn screenings under experimental conditions. Additionally, pulmonary edema and hydrothorax occurred in a pig (7.1 kg) that died after receiving 4 daily intravenous injections of fumonisin B1. A fungus was isolated from the corn screenings that is identical to Fusarium moniliforme MRC-826 in colony morphology and under microscopic examination.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Toxins (Basel)
                Toxins (Basel)
                toxins
                Toxins
                MDPI
                2072-6651
                07 June 2019
                June 2019
                : 11
                : 6
                : 328
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli-791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India; madhu.kamle18@ 123456gmail.com
                [2 ]School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood VIC 3125, Australia; kumar.dipendra2@ 123456gmail.com
                [3 ]SAB Miller India Ltd., Sonipat, Haryana 131001, India; sheetaldeshwal1993@ 123456gmail.com
                [4 ]Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea; keun126@ 123456ynu.ac.kr
                [5 ]Stemforce, 302 Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: kangsg@ 123456yu.ac.kr (S.G.K.); pkbiotech@ 123456gmail.com (P.K.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-5425
                Article
                toxins-11-00328
                10.3390/toxins11060328
                6628439
                31181628
                7a50c1c5-e5d5-4363-bf7b-0c91118ff68d
                © 2019 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 04 May 2019
                : 04 June 2019
                Categories
                Review

                Molecular medicine
                fumonisins,fusarium spp.,food contamination,health issues,secondary metabolites
                Molecular medicine
                fumonisins, fusarium spp., food contamination, health issues, secondary metabolites

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