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      ¿Nuevo horizonte tras el reinicio escolar? Estudio de 45 casos de COVID-19 en un centro de salud Translated title: A new horizon after restarting school activity? Study of 45 cases of covid-19 in a primary care center

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          Abstract

          Introducción: desde la aparición del SARS-CoV-2 se está observando que los niños de todo el mundo no parecen vulnerables a la infección, pero casi todos los datos se recogieron durante periodos de cierre escolar y medidas de distancia social. El temor a un colapso de los sistemas sanitarios lleva a los Gobiernos a mantener políticas restrictivas globales que pueden causar más daño que beneficio, especialmente en los niños y sus familias. Por ello, es necesario confirmar el papel epidemiológico de los menores en esta pandemia, en condiciones de vida cotidiana, tras la reapertura de los colegios, que conlleva un aumento de sus contactos físicos y sociales. Pacientes y métodos: se presenta el análisis de 45 casos consecutivos diagnosticados de COVID-19 entre las semanas 34 y 44 de 2020 –que incluyen los primeros dos meses del reinicio escolar– recogidos entre los 5250 niños adscritos a los cuatro cupos de Pediatría de un centro de salud urbano de la Comunidad de Madrid. Se constata que los niños presentan una clínica leve e inespecífica y apenas transmiten la infección en el entorno familiar, al igual que han mostrado otros estudios publicados desde el inicio de 2020. Conclusión: son necesarios y urgentes amplios estudios poblacionales para crear una base sólida que permita relajar las medidas restrictivas sobre los niños y sus familias. Atención Primaria es una plataforma privilegiada para llevarlos a cabo, pues permite observar de cerca y en condiciones reales el papel que juegan los niños en la dinámica de la infección.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, it has been observed that children around the world do not seem vulnerable to the infection, but almost all the data was collected during periods of school closure and firm measures of social distance. The fear of a collapse of health systems leads governments to maintain global restrictive policies that can do more harm than good, especially for children and their families. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm the epidemiological role of children in this pandemic, in daily living conditions, after the reopening of schools and the increase in their physical and social contacts. Methods: the analysis of 45 consecutive cases diagnosed of COVID-19 between weeks 34 to 44 of 2020 –which includes the first two months after restanting school activity– collected in an urban Primary Care in the Community of Madrid is presented. It is found that children present mild and nonspecific symptoms and barely transmit the infection in their immediaty environment, as has been shown in other studies published since the beginning of 2020. Conclusion: Primary Care is a privileged platform to observe in real conditions the role that children play in the dynamics of infection. It is urgent to carry out extensive population studies in order to confirm the low contagiousness of children, since the restriction of their movements and social relationships can cause more harm than good, at different levels.

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          Offline: COVID-19 is not a pandemic

          As the world approaches 1 million deaths from COVID-19, we must confront the fact that we are taking a far too narrow approach to managing this outbreak of a new coronavirus. We have viewed the cause of this crisis as an infectious disease. All of our interventions have focused on cutting lines of viral transmission, thereby controlling the spread of the pathogen. The “science” that has guided governments has been driven mostly by epidemic modellers and infectious disease specialists, who understandably frame the present health emergency in centuries-old terms of plague. But what we have learned so far tells us that the story of COVID-19 is not so simple. Two categories of disease are interacting within specific populations—infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and an array of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). These conditions are clustering within social groups according to patterns of inequality deeply embedded in our societies. The aggregation of these diseases on a background of social and economic disparity exacerbates the adverse effects of each separate disease. COVID-19 is not a pandemic. It is a syndemic. The syndemic nature of the threat we face means that a more nuanced approach is needed if we are to protect the health of our communities. © 2020 Peter Scholey Partnership/Getty Images 2020 Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. The notion of a syndemic was first conceived by Merrill Singer, an American medical anthropologist, in the 1990s. Writing in The Lancet in 2017, together with Emily Mendenhall and colleagues, Singer argued that a syndemic approach reveals biological and social interactions that are important for prognosis, treatment, and health policy. Limiting the harm caused by SARS-CoV-2 will demand far greater attention to NCDs and socioeconomic inequality than has hitherto been admitted. A syndemic is not merely a comorbidity. Syndemics are characterised by biological and social interactions between conditions and states, interactions that increase a person's susceptibility to harm or worsen their health outcomes. In the case of COVID-19, attacking NCDs will be a prerequisite for successful containment. As our recently published NCD Countdown 2030 showed, although premature mortality from NCDs is falling, the pace of change is too slow. The total number of people living with chronic diseases is growing. Addressing COVID-19 means addressing hypertension, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular and chronic respiratory diseases, and cancer. Paying greater attention to NCDs is not an agenda only for richer nations. NCDs are a neglected cause of ill-health in poorer countries too. In their Lancet Commission, published last week, Gene Bukhman and Ana Mocumbi described an entity they called NCDI Poverty, adding injuries to a range of NCDs—conditions such as snake bites, epilepsy, renal disease, and sickle cell disease. For the poorest billion people in the world today, NCDIs make up over a third of their burden of disease. The Commission described how the availability of affordable, cost-effective interventions over the next decade could avert almost 5 million deaths among the world's poorest people. And that is without considering the reduced risks of dying from COVID-19. © 2020 Allison Michael Orenstein/Getty Images 2020 Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. The most important consequence of seeing COVID-19 as a syndemic is to underline its social origins. The vulnerability of older citizens; Black, Asian, and minority ethnic communities; and key workers who are commonly poorly paid with fewer welfare protections points to a truth so far barely acknowledged—namely, that no matter how effective a treatment or protective a vaccine, the pursuit of a purely biomedical solution to COVID-19 will fail. Unless governments devise policies and programmes to reverse profound disparities, our societies will never be truly COVID-19 secure. As Singer and colleagues wrote in 2017, “A syndemic approach provides a very different orientation to clinical medicine and public health by showing how an integrated approach to understanding and treating diseases can be far more successful than simply controlling epidemic disease or treating individual patients.” I would add one further advantage. Our societies need hope. The economic crisis that is advancing towards us will not be solved by a drug or a vaccine. Nothing less than national revival is needed. Approaching COVID-19 as a syndemic will invite a larger vision, one encompassing education, employment, housing, food, and environment. Viewing COVID-19 only as a pandemic excludes such a broader but necessary prospectus. © 2020 xavierarnau/Getty Images 2020 Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.
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            Children are unlikely to be the main drivers of the COVID‐19 pandemic – a systematic review

            Abstract Aim Many countries have closed schools and kindergartens to minimise COVID‐19, but the role that children play in disease transmission is unclear. Methods A systematic literature review of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and medRxiv/bioRxiv preprint servers to 11 May 2020 identified published and unpublished papers on COVID‐19 transmission by children. Results We identified 700 scientific papers and letters and 47 full texts were studied in detail. Children accounted for a small fraction of COVID‐19 cases and mostly had social contacts with peers or parents, rather than older people at risk of severe disease. Data on viral loads were scarce, but indicated that children may have lower levels than adults, partly because they often have fewer symptoms, and this should decrease the transmission risk. Household transmission studies showed that children were rarely the index case and case studies suggested that children with COVID‐19 seldom caused outbreaks. However, it is highly likely that children can transmit the SARS‐COV‐2 virus, which causes COVID‐19, and even asymptomatic children can have viral loads. Conclusion Children are unlikely to be the main drivers of the pandemic. Opening up schools and kindergartens is unlikely to impact COVID‐19 mortality rates in older people.
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              COVID-19 in Children and the Dynamics of Infection in Families

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                pap
                Pediatría Atención Primaria
                Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria
                Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1139-7632
                March 2021
                : 23
                : 89
                : 63-70
                Affiliations
                [1] Madrid orgnameCentro de Salud Silvano España
                Article
                S1139-76322021000100009 S1139-7632(21)02308900009
                7a642b8a-5813-472a-9ae1-653c242f062a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 18, Pages: 8
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                SciELO Spain

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                Epidemiology,COVID-19,Epidemiología
                Epidemiology, COVID-19, Epidemiología

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