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      Evolving the narrative for protecting a rapidly changing ocean, post‐COVID‐19

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          1. The ocean is the linchpin supporting life on Earth, but it is in declining health due to an increasing footprint of human use and climate change. Despite notable successes in helping to protect the ocean, the scale of actions is simply not now meeting the overriding scale and nature of the ocean's problems that confront us.

          2. Moving into a post‐COVID‐19 world, new policy decisions will need to be made. Some, especially those developed prior to the pandemic, will require changes to their trajectories; others will emerge as a response to this global event. Reconnecting with nature, and specifically with the ocean, will take more than good intent and wishful thinking. Words, and how we express our connection to the ocean, clearly matter now more than ever before.

          3. The evolution of the ocean narrative, aimed at preserving and expanding options and opportunities for future generations and a healthier planet, is articulated around six themes: (1) all life is dependent on the ocean; (2) by harming the ocean, we harm ourselves; (3) by protecting the ocean, we protect ourselves; (4) humans, the ocean, biodiversity, and climate are inextricably linked; (5) ocean and climate action must be undertaken together; and (6) reversing ocean change needs action now.

          4. This narrative adopts a ‘One Health’ approach to protecting the ocean, addressing the whole Earth ocean system for better and more equitable social, cultural, economic, and environmental outcomes at its core. Speaking with one voice through a narrative that captures the latest science, concerns, and linkages to humanity is a precondition to action, by elevating humankind's understanding of our relationship with ‘planet Ocean’ and why it needs to become a central theme to everyone's lives. We have only one ocean, we must protect it, now. There is no ‘Ocean B’.

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          Most cited references228

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          Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response

          The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive global health crisis. Because the crisis requires large-scale behaviour change and places significant psychological burdens on individuals, insights from the social and behavioural sciences can be used to help align human behaviour with the recommendations of epidemiologists and public health experts. Here we discuss evidence from a selection of research topics relevant to pandemics, including work on navigating threats, social and cultural influences on behaviour, science communication, moral decision-making, leadership, and stress and coping. In each section, we note the nature and quality of prior research, including uncertainty and unsettled issues. We identify several insights for effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight important gaps researchers should move quickly to fill in the coming weeks and months.
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            Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem.

            Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), primarily from human fossil fuel combustion, reduces ocean pH and causes wholesale shifts in seawater carbonate chemistry. The process of ocean acidification is well documented in field data, and the rate will accelerate over this century unless future CO2 emissions are curbed dramatically. Acidification alters seawater chemical speciation and biogeochemical cycles of many elements and compounds. One well-known effect is the lowering of calcium carbonate saturation states, which impacts shell-forming marine organisms from plankton to benthic molluscs, echinoderms, and corals. Many calcifying species exhibit reduced calcification and growth rates in laboratory experiments under high-CO2 conditions. Ocean acidification also causes an increase in carbon fixation rates in some photosynthetic organisms (both calcifying and noncalcifying). The potential for marine organisms to adapt to increasing CO2 and broader implications for ocean ecosystems are not well known; both are high priorities for future research. Although ocean pH has varied in the geological past, paleo-events may be only imperfect analogs to current conditions.
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              Fishing down marine food webs

              The mean trophic level of the species groups reported in Food and Agricultural Organization global fisheries statistics declined from 1950 to 1994. This reflects a gradual transition in landings from long-lived, high trophic level, piscivorous bottom fish toward short-lived, low trophic level invertebrates and planktivorous pelagic fish. This effect, also found to be occurring in inland fisheries, is most pronounced in the Northern Hemisphere. Fishing down food webs (that is, at lower trophic levels) leads at first to increasing catches, then to a phase transition associated with stagnating or declining catches. These results indicate that present exploitation patterns are unsustainable.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                danlaffoley@btinternet.com
                Journal
                Aquat Conserv
                Aquat Conserv
                10.1002/(ISSN)1099-0755
                AQC
                Aquatic Conservation
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                1052-7613
                1099-0755
                25 November 2020
                : 10.1002/aqc.3512
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Gland Switzerland
                [ 2 ] Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland, School of Biology, East Sands University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
                [ 3 ] Department of Life Sciences Natural History Museum London UK
                [ 4 ] National Centre for Scientific Research PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS‐EPHE‐UPVD Paris France
                [ 5 ] School of Marine and Biological Sciences University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
                [ 6 ] Shimoda Marine Research Center University of Tsukuba Shimoda Japan
                [ 7 ] Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State University Corvallis USA
                [ 8 ] Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego La Jolla USA
                [ 9 ] The Laboratory The Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey, Marine Biological Association Citadel Hill Plymouth UK
                [ 10 ] Somerville College University of Oxford Oxford UK
                [ 11 ] REV Ocean Lysaker Norway
                [ 12 ] University of Essex Colchester UK
                [ 13 ] Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
                [ 14 ] Department of Environment and Geography University of York York UK
                [ 15 ] Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn UK
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                D. Laffoley, IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), 28 rue Mauverney, CH‐1196 Gland, Switzerland.

                Email: danlaffoley@ 123456btinternet.com

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6338-6244
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0847-3318
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6915-2518
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1288-2568
                Article
                AQC3512
                10.1002/aqc.3512
                7753556
                7a816965-33d2-4309-bde1-ca3964d6752d
                © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

                This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

                History
                : 21 July 2020
                : 06 October 2020
                : 08 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, Pages: 23, Words: 24002
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                2.0
                corrected-proof
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.9.6 mode:remove_FC converted:22.12.2020

                covid‐19,global change,ocean literacy,protection,social norms,sustainability

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