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      Different Dosimeters/Detectors Used in Small-Field Dosimetry: Pros and Cons

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          Abstract

          With the advent of complex and precise radiation therapy techniques, the use of relatively small fields is needed. Using such field sizes can cause uncertainty in dosimetry; therefore, special attention is required both in dose calculations and measurements. There are several challenges in small-field dosimetry such as the steep gradient of the radiation field, volume averaging effect, lack of charged particle equilibrium, partial occlusion of radiation source, beam alignment, and unable to use a reference dosimeter. Due to these challenges, special dosimeters are needed for small-field dosimetry, and this review article discusses this topic.

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          Dosimetry tools and techniques for IMRT.

          Mark F. Oldham, Pádraig Moran, Amanda F. Dempsey … (2011)
          Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) poses a number of challenges for properly measuring commissioning data and quality assurance (QA) radiation dose distributions. This report provides a comprehensive overview of how dosimeters, phantoms, and dose distribution analysis techniques should be used to support the commissioning and quality assurance requirements of an IMRT program. The proper applications of each dosimeter are described along with the limitations of each system. Point detectors, arrays, film, and electronic portal imagers are discussed with respect to their proper use, along with potential applications of 3D dosimetry. Regardless of the IMRT technique utilized, some situations require the use of multiple detectors for the acquisition of accurate commissioning data. The overall goal of this task group report is to provide a document that aids the physicist in the proper selection and use of the dosimetry tools available for IMRT QA and to provide a resource for physicists that describes dosimetry measurement techniques for purposes of IMRT commissioning and measurement-based characterization or verification of IMRT treatment plans. This report is not intended to provide a comprehensive review of commissioning and QA procedures for IMRT. Instead, this report focuses on the aspects of metrology, particularly the practical aspects of measurements that are unique to IMRT. The metrology of IMRT concerns the application of measurement instruments and their suitability, calibration, and quality control of measurements. Each of the dosimetry measurement tools has limitations that need to be considered when incorporating them into a commissioning process or a comprehensive QA program. For example, routine quality assurance procedures require the use of robust field dosimetry systems. These often exhibit limitations with respect to spatial resolution or energy response and need to themselves be commissioned against more established dosimeters. A chain of dosimeters, from secondary standards to field instruments, is established to assure the quantitative nature of the tests. This report is intended to describe the characteristics of the components of these systems; dosimeters, phantoms, and dose evaluation algorithms. This work is the report of AAPM Task Group 120.
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            A new formalism for reference dosimetry of small and nonstandard fields.

            R Capote, K Rosser, H Palmans … (2008)
            The use of small fields in radiotherapy techniques has increased substantially, in particular in stereotactic treatments and large uniform or nonuniform fields that are composed of small fields such as for intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). This has been facilitated by the increased availability of standard and add-on multileaf collimators and a variety of new treatment units. For these fields, dosimetric errors have become considerably larger than in conventional beams mostly due to two reasons; (i) the reference conditions recommended by conventional Codes of Practice (CoPs) cannot be established in some machines and (ii) the measurement of absorbed dose to water in composite fields is not standardized. In order to develop standardized recommendations for dosimetry procedures and detectors, an international working group on reference dosimetry of small and nonstandard fields has been established by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in cooperation with the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Therapy Physics Committee. This paper outlines a new formalism for the dosimetry of small and composite fields with the intention to extend recommendations given in conventional CoPs for clinical reference dosimetry based on absorbed dose to water. This formalism introduces the concept of two new intermediate calibration fields: (i) a static machine-specific reference field for those modalities that cannot establish conventional reference conditions and (ii) a plan-class specific reference field closer to the patient-specific clinical fields thereby facilitating standardization of composite field dosimetry. Prior to progressing with developing a CoP or other form of recommendation, the members of this IAEA working group welcome comments from the international medical physics community on the formalism presented here.
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              Radiochromic film dosimetry: recommendations of AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 55. American Association of Physicists in Medicine.

              N. A. Kianmanesh Rad, Bert M Coursey, A. S. Meigooni … (1998)
              Article 0 comments Cited 90 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Med Signals Sens
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Med Signals Sens
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JMSS
                Title: Journal of Medical Signals and Sensors
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2228-7477
                Publication date (Print): Jul-Sep 2018
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 195-203
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [2 ] Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
                [3 ] Department of Radiology, Faculty of Para-Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
                [4 ] Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Bagher Farhood, Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. E-mail: bffarhood@ 123456gmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3839-7050
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2290-7220
                Article
                Publisher ID: JMSS-8-195
                DOI: 10.4103/jmss.JMSS_3_18
                PMC ID: 6116321
                PubMed ID: 30181968
                SO-VID: 7ae6ca79-75e1-4e1d-91c5-91beb0d5bdf4
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2018 Journal of Medical Signals & Sensors
                License:

                This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

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                Categories
                Subject: Short Communication

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Radiology & Imaging
                Keywords: detector,dosimeter,radiotherapy,small field dosimetry
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Radiology & Imaging
                Keywords: detector, dosimeter, radiotherapy, small field dosimetry

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