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      Effect of Ganoderma lucidum hydroalcoholic extract on insulin release in rat-isolated pancreatic islets

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          Abstract

          Objective: Ganoderma Lucidum ( G. Lucidum) has been suggested to increase serum insulin level. This study was undertaken to investigate its direct effect on the islets of Langerhans.

          Material and Methods: Male albino Wistar rats were anesthetized and the islets were isolated after digestion of the pancreas with collagenase. The islets were incubated for 60 min in Krebs bicarbonate buffer containing 3 or 10 mM glucose in the presence of hydroalcoholic extract of G. Lucidum (1 mg/ml), 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX, 100 µM) or vehicle.

          Results: Exposure of islets to the extract increased insulin secretion at basal (3 mM) glucose concentration. Increase of glucose concentration to 10 mM resulted in a significant increase in the rate of insulin secretion. While the IBMX could augment insulin release evoked by 10 mM glucose, the extract failed to modify it.

          Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that G. lucidum acts directly on the Langerhans islets to increase basal insulin release.

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          Anticancer effects of Ganoderma lucidum: a review of scientific evidence.

          "Lingzhi" (Ganoderma lucidum), a popular medicinal mushroom, has been used in China for longevity and health promotion since ancient times. Investigations into the anticancer activity of lingzhi have been performed in both in vitro and in vivo studies, supporting its application for cancer treatment and prevention. The proposed anticancer activity of lingzhi has prompted its usage by cancer patients. It remains debatable as to whether lingzhi is a food supplement for health maintenance or actually a therapeutic "drug" for medical proposes. Thus far there has been no report of human trials using lingzhi as a direct anticancer agent, despite some evidence showing the usage of lingzhi as a potential supplement to cancer patients. Cellular immune responses and mitogenic reactivity of cancer patients have been enhanced by lingzhi, as reported in two randomized and one nonrandomized trials, and the quality of life of 65% of lung cancer patients improved in one study. The direct cytotoxic and anti-angiogenesis mechanisms of lingzhi have been established by in vitro studies; however, clinical studies should not be neglected to define the applicable dosage in vivo. At present, lingzhi is a health food supplement to support cancer patients, yet the evidence supporting the potential of direct in vivo anticancer effects should not be underestimated. Lingzhi or its products can be classified as an anticancer agent when current and more direct scientific evidence becomes available.
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            Roles of cAMP signalling in insulin granule exocytosis.

            Insulin secretion is regulated by a series of complex events generated by various intracellular signals including Ca(2+), ATP, cAMP and phospholipid-derived signals. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is the principal mode of insulin secretion, and the mechanism potentiating the secretion is critical for physiological responses. Among the various intracellular signals involved, cAMP is particularly important for amplifying insulin secretion. Recently, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors have been developed as new antidiabetic drugs. These drugs all act through cAMP signalling in pancreatic beta-cells. Until recently, cAMP was generally thought to potentiate insulin secretion through protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation of proteins associated with the secretory process. However, it is now known that in addition to PKA, cAMP has other targets such as Epac (also referred to as cAMP-GEF). The variety of the effects mediated by cAMP signalling may be linked to cAMP compartmentation in the pancreatic beta-cells.
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              Insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity of the traditional anti-diabetic plant Coriandrum sativum (coriander).

              Coriandrum sativum (coriander) has been documented as a traditional treatment of diabetes. In the present study, coriander incorporated into the diet (62.5 g/kg) and drinking water (2.5 g/l, prepared by 15 min decoction) reduced hyperglycaemia of streptozotocin-diabetic mice. An aqueous extract of coriander (1 mg/ml) increased 2-deoxyglucose transport (1.6-fold), glucose oxidation (1.4-fold) and incorporation of glucose into glycogen (1.7-fold) of isolated murine abdominal muscle comparable with 10(-8) M-insulin. In acute 20 min tests, 0.25-10 mg/ml aqueous extract of coriander evoked a stepwise 1.3-5.7-fold stimulation of insulin secretion from a clonal B-cell line. This effect was abolished by 0.5 mM-diazoxide and prior exposure to extract did not alter subsequent stimulation of insulin secretion by 10 mM-L-alanine, thereby negating an effect due to detrimental cell damage. The effect of extract was potentiated by 16.7 mM-glucose and 10 mM-L-alanine but not by 1 mM-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. Insulin secretion by hyperpolarized B-cells (16.7 mM-glucose, 25 mM-KCl) was further enhanced by the presence of extract. Activity of the extract was found to be heat stable, acetone soluble and unaltered by overnight exposure to acid (0.1 M-HCl) or dialysis to remove components with molecular mass < 2000 Da. Activity was reduced by overnight exposure to alkali (0.1 M-NaOH). Sequential extraction with solvents revealed insulin-releasing activity in hexane and water fractions indicating a possible cumulative effect of more than one extract constituent. These results demonstrate the presence of antihyperglycaemic, insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity in Coriandrum sativum.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Avicenna J Phytomed
                Avicenna J Phytomed
                IJP
                Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine
                Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (Mashhad, Iran )
                2228-7930
                2228-7949
                Autumn 2012
                : 2
                : 4
                : 206-211
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I. R. Iran
                [2 ] Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I. R. Iran
                [3 ] Biochemistry and Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I. R. Iran
                [4 ] Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad I. R. Iran
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Tel: +985118002355; Fax: +985118828574;E-mail: parizademr@ 123456mums.ac.ir
                Article
                AJP-2-206
                4075681
                7b4943bf-545e-4974-b132-2eacb7abbc19
                © 2012: Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 31 May 2012
                : 4 July 2012
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