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      Urbanisation modulates plant-pollinator interactions in invasive vs. native plant species

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      1 , 2 , , 1 , 2
      Scientific Reports
      Nature Publishing Group UK
      Invasive species, Urban ecology

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          Abstract

          Pollination is a key ecological process, and invasive alien plant species have been shown to significantly affect plant-pollinator interactions. Yet, the role of the environmental context in modulating such processes is understudied. As urbanisation is a major component of global change, being associated with a range of stressors (e.g. heat, pollution, habitat isolation), we tested whether the attractiveness of a common invasive alien plant ( Robinia pseudoacacia, black locust) vs. a common native plant ( Cytisus scoparius, common broom) for pollinators changes with increasing urbanisation. We exposed blossoms of both species along an urbanisation gradient and quantified different types of pollinator interaction with the flowers. Both species attracted a broad range of pollinators, with significantly more visits for R. pseudoacacia, but without significant differences in numbers of insects that immediately accessed the flowers. However, compared to native Cytisus, more pollinators only hovered in front of flowers of invasive Robinia without visiting those subsequently. The decision rate to enter flowers of the invasive species decreased with increasing urbanisation. This suggests that while invasive Robinia still attracts many pollinators in urban settings attractiveness may decrease with increasing urban stressors. Results indicated future directions to deconstruct the role of different stressors in modulating plant-pollinator interactions, and they have implications for urban development since Robinia can be still considered as a “pollinator-friendly” tree for certain urban settings.

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          Interactions among ecosystem stressors and their importance in conservation.

          Interactions between multiple ecosystem stressors are expected to jeopardize biological processes, functions and biodiversity. The scientific community has declared stressor interactions-notably synergies-a key issue for conservation and management. Here, we review ecological literature over the past four decades to evaluate trends in the reporting of ecological interactions (synergies, antagonisms and additive effects) and highlight the implications and importance to conservation. Despite increasing popularity, and ever-finer terminologies, we find that synergies are (still) not the most prevalent type of interaction, and that conservation practitioners need to appreciate and manage for all interaction outcomes, including antagonistic and additive effects. However, it will not be possible to identify the effect of every interaction on every organism's physiology and every ecosystem function because the number of stressors, and their potential interactions, are growing rapidly. Predicting the type of interactions may be possible in the near-future, using meta-analyses, conservation-oriented experiments and adaptive monitoring. Pending a general framework for predicting interactions, conservation management should enact interventions that are robust to uncertainty in interaction type and that continue to bolster biological resilience in a stressful world.
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            A meta-analysis of bees' responses to anthropogenic disturbance

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              Biological invasions as disruptors of plant reproductive mutualisms.

              Invasive alien species affect the composition and functioning of invaded ecosystems in many ways, altering ecological interactions that have arisen over evolutionary timescales. Specifically, disruptions to pollination and seed-dispersal mutualistic interactions are often documented, although the profound implications of such impacts are not widely recognized. Such disruptions can occur via the introduction of alien pollinators, seed dispersers, herbivores, predators or plants, and we define here the many potential outcomes of each situation. The frequency and circumstances under which each category of mechanisms operates are also poorly known. Most evidence is from population-level studies, and the implications for global biodiversity are difficult to predict. Further insights are needed on the degree of resilience in interaction networks, but the preliminary picture suggests that invasive species frequently cause profound disruptions to plant reproductive mutualisms.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                sascha.buchholz@tu-berlin.de
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                23 April 2019
                23 April 2019
                2019
                : 9
                : 6375
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2292 8254, GRID grid.6734.6, Department of Ecology, , Technische Universität Berlin, ; 12165 Berlin, Germany
                [2 ]GRID grid.452299.1, Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), ; 14195 Berlin, Germany
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2018-7266
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-7163
                Article
                42884
                10.1038/s41598-019-42884-6
                6477046
                31011154
                7b4b516a-cd85-4bc5-a592-03df5a34722b
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 24 August 2018
                : 10 April 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100002347, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Federal Ministry of Education and Research);
                Award ID: 01LC1501A-H
                Award Recipient :
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                © The Author(s) 2019

                Uncategorized
                invasive species,urban ecology
                Uncategorized
                invasive species, urban ecology

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