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      Recognizing the quiet extinction of invertebrates

      brief-report
      1 , 2 , , 1 , 3 , 4 , 1 , 5
      Nature Communications
      Nature Publishing Group UK

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          Abstract

          Invertebrates are central to the functioning of ecosystems, yet they are underappreciated and understudied. Recent work has shown that they are suffering from rapid decline. Here we call for a greater focus on invertebrates and make recommendations for future investigation.

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          Comparative losses of British butterflies, birds, and plants and the global extinction crisis.

          There is growing concern about increased population, regional, and global extinctions of species. A key question is whether extinction rates for one group of organisms are representative of other taxa. We present a comparison at the national scale of population and regional extinctions of birds, butterflies, and vascular plants from Britain in recent decades. Butterflies experienced the greatest net losses, disappearing on average from 13% of their previously occupied 10-kilometer squares. If insects elsewhere in the world are similarly sensitive, the known global extinction rates of vertebrate and plant species have an unrecorded parallel among the invertebrates, strengthening the hypothesis that the natural world is experiencing the sixth major extinction event in its history.
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            The Little Things That Run the world* (The Importance and Conservation of Invertebrates)

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              Biodiversity across trophic levels drives multifunctionality in highly diverse forests

              Human-induced biodiversity change impairs ecosystem functions crucial to human well-being. However, the consequences of this change for ecosystem multifunctionality are poorly understood beyond effects of plant species loss, particularly in regions with high biodiversity across trophic levels. Here we adopt a multitrophic perspective to analyze how biodiversity affects multifunctionality in biodiverse subtropical forests. We consider 22 independent measurements of nine ecosystem functions central to energy and nutrient flow across trophic levels. We find that individual functions and multifunctionality are more strongly affected by the diversity of heterotrophs promoting decomposition and nutrient cycling, and by plant functional-trait diversity and composition, than by tree species richness. Moreover, cascading effects of higher trophic-level diversity on functions originating from lower trophic-level processes highlight that multitrophic biodiversity is key to understanding drivers of multifunctionality. A broader perspective on biodiversity-multifunctionality relationships is crucial for sustainable ecosystem management in light of non-random species loss and intensified biotic disturbances under future environmental change.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                nico.eisenhauer@idiv.de
                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2041-1723
                3 January 2019
                3 January 2019
                2019
                : 10
                : 50
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.421064.5, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, ; Leipzig, Germany
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2230 9752, GRID grid.9647.c, Institute of Biology, , Leipzig University, ; Leipzig, Germany
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0492 3830, GRID grid.7492.8, Department of Ecosystem Services, , Helmholtz - Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, ; Leipzig, Germany
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1939 2794, GRID grid.9613.d, Institute of Biodiversity, , Friedrich Schiller University Jena, ; Jena, Germany
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0679 2801, GRID grid.9018.0, Institute of Biology, , Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), ; Halle, Germany
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0371-6720
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4917-2105
                Article
                7916
                10.1038/s41467-018-07916-1
                6318294
                30604746
                7b676fa6-511f-4b06-8522-a45a0f07cef6
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 4 October 2018
                : 4 December 2018
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