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      Carbon isotope composition and leaf anatomy as a tool to characterize the photosynthetic mechanism of Artemisia annua L. Translated title: Composição dos isótopos do carbono e anatomia foliar como ferramenta para caracterizar o mecanismo fotossintético de Artemisia annua L.

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          Abstract

          Leaves of Artemisia annua L. are a plentiful source of artemisinin, a drug with proven effectiveness against malaria. The aim of this study was to classify the photosynthetic mechanism of A. annua through studies of the carbon isotope composition (delta 13C) and the leaf anatomy. A. annua presented a delta 13C value of - 31.76 ± 0.07, which characterizes the plants as a typical species of the C3 photosynthethic mechanism, considering that the average delta 13C values for C3 and C4 species are -28 and -14, respectively. The leaf anatomy studies were consistent with the delta 13C results, where, in spite of the existence of parenchymatic cells forming a sheath surrounding the vascular tissue, the cells do not contain chloroplasts or starch. This characteristic is clearly different from that of the Kranz anatomy found in C4 species.

          Translated abstract

          As folhas de Artemisia annua L. são fonte abundante de artemisinina, uma droga que apresenta ação efetiva contra a malária. O objetivo deste trabalho foi classificar o mecanismo fotossintético de A. annua mediante estudos da composição dos isótopos do carbono (delta 13C) e da anatomia foliar. A. annua apresentou uma delta 13C = - 31.76 ± 0.07, valor tópico de espécies com mecanismo fotossintético C3, que apresentam, em média, valores de delta 13C = - 28, enquanto espécies C4 apresentam, em média, valores de delta 13C = - 14. Os estudos da anatomia foliar confirmaram os resultados encontrados para a delta 13C, onde, a despeito da existência de células parenquimáticas formando um anel ao redor do feixe vascular, essas não apresentaram cloroplastos e amido. Tal observação descaracteriza a existência de anatomia Kranz, típica de espécies C4, em A. annua.

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          Plant microtechnique

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            Qinghaosu (artemisinin): an antimalarial drug from China.

            The herb Artemisia annua has been used for many centuries in Chinese traditional medicine as a treatment for fever and malaria. In 1971, Chinese chemists isolated from the leafy portions of the plant the substance responsible for its reputed medicinal action. This compound, called qinghaosu (QHS, artemisinin), is a sesquiterpene lactone that bears a peroxide grouping and, unlike most other antimalarials, lacks a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring system. The compound has been used successfully in several thousand malaria patients in China, including those with both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Derivatives of QHS, such as dihydroqinghaosu, artemether, and the water-soluble sodium artesunate, appear to be more potent than QHS itself. Sodium artesunate acts rapidly in restoring to consciousness comatose patients with cerebral malaria. Thus QHS and its derivatives offer promise as a totally new class of antimalarials.
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              Plant anatomy

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bjpp
                Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology
                Braz. J. Plant Physiol.
                Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology (Campos dos Goytacazes )
                1677-9452
                March 2005
                : 17
                : 1
                : 187-190
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Estadual Paulista Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Estadual Paulista Brazil
                [4 ] Universidade Federal de Viçosa Brazil
                Article
                S1677-04202005000100016
                10.1590/S1677-04202005000100016
                7b8b658e-0fe1-40bf-9597-39d3fd2356d8

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1677-0420&lng=en
                Categories
                PLANT SCIENCES

                Plant science & Botany
                C3 and C4 plants,isotope discrimination,plantas C3 e C4,photosynthesis,anatomia Kranz,fotossíntese,discriminação isotópica,Kranz anatomy

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