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      Material particulado y trastornos de los sistemas cardiovascular y respiratorio en trabajadores de diferentes áreas: una revisión narrativa Translated title: Particulate matter and disorders of cardiovascular and respiratory systems in workers from different areas: a narrative review

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN. Introducción: la exposición laboral a material particulado puede causar enfermedades de las vías respiratorias, no obstante, la magnitud y frecuencia en la exposición podría también aumentar el riesgo de efectos adversos en la salud cardiovascular. Para los profesionales en el área, es relevante el reconocer este factor de riesgo y sus implicaciones multisistémicas a la salud del trabajador. Objetivo: analizar y describir la influencia de la exposición laboral al material particulado en el sistema cardiovascular y pulmonar en trabajadores de diversas áreas. Material y Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda de bibliografía científica relacionada al objetivo de investigación consultando las bases de datos PEDro, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus y Ovid. Se utilizaron los siguientes términos de búsqueda: “particulate matter”, “air pollution”, “occupational exposure”, asociando con los términos: “cardiovascular effects”, “pulmonary effects”, “pulmonary function”, “cardiovascular desease” y “pulmonary desease”. Resultados: de 220 artículos potenciales se seleccionaron 50 artículos, de los cuales 10 exponen la influencia del material particulado en el ámbito laboral. Conclusiones: la exposición laboral al material particulado genera problemas de salud, evidenciándose mayor efecto en la disminución de la función pulmonar y aumento de la presión arterial, relacionado a la aparición de enfermedades laborales como asbestosis, silicosis, neumoconiosis, infarto agudo de miocardio y arritmias cardiacas.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: occupational exposure to particulate matter can cause respiratory diseases, however, the magnitude and frequency of exposure could also increase the risk of adverse effects on cardiovascular health. For professionals in the area, it is important to recognize this risk factor and multisystem implications to the health of the worker. Objective: analyze and describe the influence of occupational exposure to particulate matter (PM) on the cardiovascular and pulmonary system in workers from various areas. Material and Methods: A search of scientific literature related to the research objective uses databases PEDro, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus and Ovid was performed. The following search terms will be used: “particulate matter”, “air pollution”, “occupational exposure”, associating with the terms: “cardiovascular effects”, “pulmonary effects”, “lung function”, “cardiovascular disease” and “ pulmonary”. disease “. Results: out of 220 potential articles, 50 articles were selected, of which 10 expose the influence of particulate matter in the workplace. Conclusions: the main results are that the occupational exposure to particulate matter generates especially health problems, showing a greater effect in the decrease of lung function and increase in blood pressure, related to the appearance of occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, pneumoconiosis, acute myocardial infarction and cardiac arrhythmias.

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          Most cited references50

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          Clearing the air: a review of the effects of particulate matter air pollution on human health.

          The World Health Organization estimates that particulate matter (PM) air pollution contributes to approximately 800,000 premature deaths each year, ranking it the 13th leading cause of mortality worldwide. However, many studies show that the relationship is deeper and far more complicated than originally thought. PM is a portion of air pollution that is made up of extremely small particles and liquid droplets containing acids, organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles. PM is categorized by size and continues to be the fraction of air pollution that is most reliably associated with human disease. PM is thought to contribute to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease by the mechanisms of systemic inflammation, direct and indirect coagulation activation, and direct translocation into systemic circulation. The data demonstrating PM's effect on the cardiovascular system are strong. Populations subjected to long-term exposure to PM have a significantly higher cardiovascular incident and mortality rate. Short-term acute exposures subtly increase the rate of cardiovascular events within days of a pollution spike. The data are not as strong for PM's effects on cerebrovascular disease, though some data and similar mechanisms suggest a lesser result with smaller amplitude. Respiratory diseases are also exacerbated by exposure to PM. PM causes respiratory morbidity and mortality by creating oxidative stress and inflammation that leads to pulmonary anatomic and physiologic remodeling. The literature shows PM causes worsening respiratory symptoms, more frequent medication use, decreased lung function, recurrent health care utilization, and increased mortality. PM exposure has been shown to have a small but significant adverse effect on cardiovascular, respiratory, and to a lesser extent, cerebrovascular disease. These consistent results are shown by multiple studies with varying populations, protocols, and regions. The data demonstrate a dose-dependent relationship between PM and human disease, and that removal from a PM-rich environment decreases the prevalence of these diseases. While further study is needed to elucidate the effects of composition, chemistry, and the PM effect on susceptible populations, the preponderance of data shows that PM exposure causes a small but significant increase in human morbidity and mortality. Most sources agree on certain "common sense" recommendations, although there are lonely limited data to support them. Indoor PM exposure can be reduced by the usage of air conditioning and particulate filters, decreasing indoor combustion for heating and cooking, and smoking cessation. Susceptible populations, such as the elderly or asthmatics, may benefit from limiting their outdoor activity during peak traffic periods or poor air quality days. These simple changes may benefit individual patients in both short-term symptomatic control and long-term cardiovascular and respiratory complications.
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            Global association between ambient air pollution and blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis

            Although numerous studies have investigated the association of ambient air pollution with hypertension and blood pressure (BP), the results were inconsistent. We performed a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of these studies. Seven international and Chinese databases were searched for studies examining the associations of particulate (diameter 10 μm (PM10)) and gaseous (sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO)) air pollutants with hypertension or BP. Odds ratios (OR), regression coefficients (β) and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated to evaluate the strength of the associations. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and meta-regression analysis were also conducted. The overall meta-analysis showed significant associations of long-term exposures to PM2.5 with hypertension (OR = 1.05), and of PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 with DBP (β values: 0.47-0.86 mmHg). In addition, short-term exposures to four (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2), two (PM2.5 and SO2), and four air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NO2), were significantly associated with hypertension (ORs: 1.05-1.10), SBP (β values: 0.53-0.75 mmHg) and DBP (β values: 0.15-0.64 mmHg), respectively. Stratified analyses showed a generally stronger relationship among studies of men, Asians, North Americans, and areas with higher air pollutant levels. In conclusion, our study indicates a positive association between ambient air pollution and increased BP and hypertension. Geographical and socio-demographic factors may modify the pro-hypertensive effects of air pollutants.
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              Associations of Short-Term and Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollutants With Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

              Hypertension is a major disease of burden worldwide. Previous studies have indicated that air pollution might be a risk factor for hypertension, but the results were controversial. To fill this gap, we performed a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies to investigate the associations of short-term and long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants with hypertension. We searched all of the studies published before September 1, 2015, on the associations of ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NO2 and NOX), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) with hypertension in the English electronic databases. A pooled odds ratio (OR) for hypertension in association with each 10 μg/m(3) increase in air pollutant was calculated by a random-effects model (for studies with significant heterogeneity) or a fixed-effect model (for studies without significant heterogeneity). A total of 17 studies examining the effects of short-term (n=6) and long-term exposure (n=11) to air pollutants were identified. Short-term exposure to SO2 (OR=1.046, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.012-1.081), PM2.5 (OR=1.069, 95% CI: 1.003-1.141), and PM10 (OR=1.024, 95% CI: 1.016-1.032) were significantly associated with hypertension. Long-term exposure (a 10 μg/m(3) increase) to NO2 (OR=1.034, 95% CI: 1.005-1.063) and PM10 (OR=1.054, 95% CI: 1.036-1.072) had significant associations with hypertension. Exposure to other ambient air pollutants (short-term exposure to NO2, O3, and CO and long-term exposure to NOx, PM2.5, and SO2) also had positive relationships with hypertension, but lacked statistical significance. Our results suggest that short-term or long-term exposure to some air pollutants may increase the risk of hypertension.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                medtra
                Revista de la Asociación Española de Especialistas en Medicina del Trabajo
                Rev Asoc Esp Espec Med Trab
                Asociación Española de Especialistas en Medicina del Trabajo (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1132-6255
                3020-1160
                2021
                : 30
                : 3
                : 362-372
                Affiliations
                [1] Barranquilla Atlántico orgnameUniversidad Simón Bolívar Colombia
                [3] Barranquilla Atlántico orgnameUniversidad Simón Bolívar Colombia
                [5] Barranquilla Atlántico orgnameUniversidad Simón Bolívar Colombia
                [2] Barranquilla Atlántico orgnameUniversidad Simón Bolívar Colombia
                [7] Barranquilla Atlántico orgnameUniversidad Libre Colombia
                [4] Barranquilla Atlántico orgnameUniversidad Simón Bolívar Colombia
                [6] Barranquilla Atlántico orgnameUniversidad Simón Bolívar Colombia
                Article
                S3020-11602021000300011 S3020-1160(21)03000300011
                7bc2f15b-bfc3-42c4-b5fb-e804182bb0f1

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 March 2021
                : 10 October 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 50, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisiones

                occupational exposure,cardiovascular system,respiratory system,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,cardiovascular disease,enfermedades cardiovasculares,sistema respiratorio,sistema cardiovascular,exposición laboral,material particulado,enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica,particulate matter

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