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      Development of a risk stratification model for pharmaceutical care in HIV patients Translated title: Desarrollo de un modelo de estratificación de atención farmacéutica destinado a pacientes VIH+

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          Abstract

          Abstract Background: The increasing number of HIV-patients and their complexity makes it necessary to develop risk classification tools to improve the optimization of resources. Objective: To design a risk-stratified model for pharmaceutical care (PC) in HIV-patients. Methods: A cross-sectional, multicenter study. An expert panel was created by Hospital Pharmacist experienced in PC for HIV-patients. The study was designed in 4 phases. The first phase included a review of literature and the development of a summary of the scientific evidence available. According to their score, patients were stratified into three levels of PC. In the second and third phases, a sample of patients was assessed and data information was recorded. The overall analysis also allowed pharmacists to define the actions to be applied at each level of priority. Finally, each stratification model was applied to a new sample of patients to verify their applicability and usefulness. Results: All variables included in the model were weighted in terms of their relative relevance compared to the rest. A sample of 215 patients was evaluated to obtain their score and distribution: Priority-1: score ≥ 32 and 10% of the sample; Priority-2: 18-31.9 and 30%; Priority-3: ≤ 17 and 60%. The PC interventions corresponding to each level of priority were classified into “pharmacotherapeutic monitoring”, “training, education and patient tracking” and “coordination of all the healthcare team members”. Conclusions: This study supported the design and adaptation of a selection and stratification model for PC in HIV-patients as a tool to identify those who may benefit from priority intervention.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Antecedentes: El aumento del número de pacientes VIH+ en las consultas de atención farmacéutica (AF) y de su complejidad implica la necesidad de desarrollar herramientas de estratificación para mejorar la optimización de recursos. Objetivo: Diseñar un modelo de estratificación en atención farmacéutica al paciente VIH+. Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico trasversal llevado a cabo por un panel de experto en Farmacia Hospitalaria con experiencia en AF al paciente VIH+. El estudio consta de 4 fases. En primer lugar, se realizó una revisión de la literatura y un resumen de la evidencia científica hasta la fecha estableciendo 3 niveles de estratificación. En las fases 2 y 3 una muestra de pacientes fue analizada para definir las intervenciones específicas de cada nivel de estratificación. Finalmente, se empleó el modelo de estratificación en una nueva muestra de pacientes para comprobar su utilidad y correcta aplicación. Resultados: Las variables incluidas en el modelo fueron ponderadas en función de su relevancia. Se analizaron 215 pacientes con el nuevo modelo obteniéndose una puntuación y distribución como sigue: Prioridad-1: puntuación ≥32 y 10% de la muestra; Prioridad-2: 18-31.9 y 30%; Prioridad-3: ≤17 y 60%. Las diferentes intervenciones de cada nivel se clasificaron en “seguimiento farmacoterapéutico”, “entrenamiento y formación de pacientes” y coordinación con el resto del equipo multidisciplinar”. Conclusión: Este el primer modelo de estratificación para la atención farmacéutica al paciente VIH+. Su uso permitirá identificar aquellos pacientes que más se podrán beneficiar de cada tipo de intervención.

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          The Next Therapeutic Challenge in HIV: Polypharmacy

          With the adoption of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), most HIV-infected individuals in care are on five or more medications and at risk of harm from polypharmacy, a risk that likely increases with number of medications, age, and physiologic frailty. Established harms of polypharmacy include decreased medication adherence and increased serious adverse drug events, including organ system injury, hospitalization, geriatric syndromes (falls, fractures, and cognitive decline) and mortality. The literature on polypharmacy among those with HIV infection is limited, and the literature on polypharmacy among non-HIV patients requires adaptation to the special issues facing those on chronic ART. First, those aging with HIV infection often initiate ART in their 3rd or 4th decade of life and are expected to remain on ART for the rest of their lives. Second, those with HIV may be at higher risk for age-associated comorbid disease, further increasing their risk of polypharmacy. Third, those with HIV may have an enhanced susceptibility to harm from polypharmacy due to decreased organ system reserve, chronic inflammation, and ongoing immune dysfunction. Finally, because ART is life-extending, nonadherence to ART is particularly concerning. After reviewing the relevant literature, we propose an adapted framework with which to address polypharmacy among those on lifelong ART and suggest areas for future work.
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            Predictive accuracy of the Veterans Aging Cohort Study index for mortality with HIV infection: a North American cross cohort analysis.

            By supplementing an index composed of HIV biomarkers and age (restricted index) with measures of organ injury, the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) index more completely reflects risk of mortality. We compare the accuracy of the VACS and restricted indices (1) among subjects outside the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, (2) more than 1-5 years of prior exposure to antiretroviral therapy (ART), and (3) within important patient subgroups. We used data from 13 cohorts in the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration (n = 10, 835) limiting analyses to HIV-infected subjects with at least 12 months exposure to ART. Variables included demographic, laboratory (CD4 count, HIV-1 RNA, hemoglobin, platelets, aspartate and alanine transaminase, creatinine, and hepatitis C status), and survival. We used C-statistics and net reclassification improvement (NRI) to test discrimination varying prior ART exposure from 1 to 5 years. We then combined Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (n = 5066) and North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration data, fit a parametric survival model, and compared predicted to observed mortality by cohort, gender, age, race, and HIV-1 RNA level. Mean follow-up was 3.3 years (655 deaths). Compared with the restricted index, the VACS index showed greater discrimination (C-statistics: 0.77 vs. 0.74; NRI: 12%; P < 0.0001). NRI was highest among those with HIV-1 RNA <500 copies per milliliter (25%) and age ≥50 years (20%). Predictions were similar to observed mortality among all subgroups. VACS index scores discriminate risk and translate into accurate mortality estimates over 1-5 years of exposure to ART and for diverse patient subgroups from North American.
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              An internationally generalizable risk index for mortality after one year of antiretroviral therapy.

              Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), excess mortality continues for those with HIV infection. A comprehensive approach to risk assessment, addressing multiorgan system injury on ART, is needed. We sought to develop and validate a practical and generalizable mortality risk index for HIV-infected individuals on ART. The Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) was used to develop the VACS Index, based on age, CD4 cell count, HIV-1 RNA, hemoglobin, aspartate and alanine transaminase, platelets, creatinine and hepatitis C status, and a Restricted Index based on age, CD4 cell count and HIV-1 RNA with an outcome of death up to 6 years after ART initiation. Validation was in six independent cohorts participating in the ART Cohort Collaboration (ART-CC). In both the development (4932 patients, 656 deaths) and validation cohorts (3146 patients, 86 deaths) the VACS Index had better discrimination than the Restricted Index (c-statistics 0.78 and 0.72 in VACS, 0.82 and 0.78 in ART-CC). The VACS Index also demonstrated better discrimination than the Restricted Index for HIV deaths and non-HIV deaths, in men and women, those younger and older than 50 years, with and without detectable HIV-1 RNA, and with or without HCV coinfection. Among HIV-infected patients treated with ART, the VACS Index more accurately discriminates mortality risk than traditional HIV markers and age alone. By accounting for multiorgan system injury, the VACS Index may prove a useful tool in clinical care and research.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                fh
                Farmacia Hospitalaria
                Farm Hosp.
                Grupo Aula Médica (Toledo, Toledo, Spain )
                1130-6343
                2171-8695
                June 2017
                : 41
                : 3
                : 346-356
                Affiliations
                [5] Zaragoza orgnameHospital Universitario Miguel Servet orgdiv1Farmacia Hospitalaria España
                [4] Getafe orgnameHospital Universitario de Getafe orgdiv2Farmacia Hospitalaria España
                [1] Sevilla orgnameAGS Sur de Sevilla orgdiv1Hospital Universitario de Valme orgdiv2Farmacia Hospitalaria España
                [2] Toledo orgnameHospital Virgen de la Salud orgdiv1Farmacia Hospitalaria España
                [6] Barakaldo orgnameHospital de Cruces orgdiv1Farmacia Hospitalaria España
                [3] Guadalajara orgnameHospital Universitario de Guadalajara orgdiv1Farmacia Hospitalaria España
                Article
                S1130-63432017000300346
                10.7399/fh.2017.41.3.10655
                28478749
                7bf26826-3e0e-44b0-84d7-c7dd6ee4cf62

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 February 2017
                : 22 September 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Pharmaceutical care,Antiretroviral,HIV,VIH,Antirretrovirales,Atención farmacéutica

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