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      The Physical Activity Messaging Framework (PAMF) and Checklist (PAMC): International consensus statement and user guide

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      1 , , 1 , 2 , 3 , 1 , 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 11 , 15 , 5 , 16 , 17 , 5 , 18 , 12 , 12 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 17 , 24 , 12 , 25 , 8 , 15 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 1
      The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
      BioMed Central
      Exercise, Campaigns, Communication, Guidance, Principles

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          Abstract

          Effective physical activity messaging plays an important role in the pathway towards changing physical activity behaviour at a population level. The Physical Activity Messaging Framework (PAMF) and Checklist (PAMC) are outputs from a recent modified Delphi study. This sought consensus from an international expert panel on how to aid the creation and evaluation of physical activity messages. In this paper, we (1) present an overview of the various concepts within the PAMF and PAMC, (2) discuss in detail how the PAMF and PAMC can be used to create physical activity messages, plan evaluation of messages, and aid understanding and categorisation of existing messages, and (3) highlight areas for future development and research. If adopted, we propose that the PAMF and PAMC could improve physical activity messaging practice by encouraging evidence-based and target population-focused messages with clearly stated aims and consideration of potential working pathways. They could also enhance the physical activity messaging research base by harmonising key messaging terminologies, improving quality of reporting, and aiding collation and synthesis of the evidence.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-021-01230-8.

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          The theory of planned behavior

          Icek Ajzen (1991)
          Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211
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            Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement

            David Moher and colleagues introduce PRISMA, an update of the QUOROM guidelines for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses
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              The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions

              Background Improving the design and implementation of evidence-based practice depends on successful behaviour change interventions. This requires an appropriate method for characterising interventions and linking them to an analysis of the targeted behaviour. There exists a plethora of frameworks of behaviour change interventions, but it is not clear how well they serve this purpose. This paper evaluates these frameworks, and develops and evaluates a new framework aimed at overcoming their limitations. Methods A systematic search of electronic databases and consultation with behaviour change experts were used to identify frameworks of behaviour change interventions. These were evaluated according to three criteria: comprehensiveness, coherence, and a clear link to an overarching model of behaviour. A new framework was developed to meet these criteria. The reliability with which it could be applied was examined in two domains of behaviour change: tobacco control and obesity. Results Nineteen frameworks were identified covering nine intervention functions and seven policy categories that could enable those interventions. None of the frameworks reviewed covered the full range of intervention functions or policies, and only a minority met the criteria of coherence or linkage to a model of behaviour. At the centre of a proposed new framework is a 'behaviour system' involving three essential conditions: capability, opportunity, and motivation (what we term the 'COM-B system'). This forms the hub of a 'behaviour change wheel' (BCW) around which are positioned the nine intervention functions aimed at addressing deficits in one or more of these conditions; around this are placed seven categories of policy that could enable those interventions to occur. The BCW was used reliably to characterise interventions within the English Department of Health's 2010 tobacco control strategy and the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence's guidance on reducing obesity. Conclusions Interventions and policies to change behaviour can be usefully characterised by means of a BCW comprising: a 'behaviour system' at the hub, encircled by intervention functions and then by policy categories. Research is needed to establish how far the BCW can lead to more efficient design of effective interventions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                chloe.williamson@ed.ac.uk
                Journal
                Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act
                Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act
                The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
                BioMed Central (London )
                1479-5868
                19 December 2021
                19 December 2021
                2021
                : 18
                : 164
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.4305.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7988, Physical Activity for Health Research Centre (PAHRC), Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, ; Edinburgh, UK
                [2 ]GRID grid.410356.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8331, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, , Queens University, ; Kingston, Canada
                [3 ]GRID grid.1013.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 834X, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, ; Sydney, Australia
                [4 ]GRID grid.267827.e, ISNI 0000 0001 2292 3111, Faculty of Health, Victoria University Wellington, ; Wellington, New Zealand
                [5 ]Sport New Zealand Ihi Aotearoa, Wellington, New Zealand
                [6 ]GRID grid.413017.0, ISNI 0000 0000 9001 9645, Department of Physiotherapy, , University of Maiduguri, ; Maiduguri, Nigeria
                [7 ]GRID grid.421947.d, ISNI 0000 0004 1782 6335, Department of Health and Social Care, , UK Government, ; London, UK
                [8 ]GRID grid.416221.2, ISNI 0000 0000 8625 3965, MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, ; Glasgow, UK
                [9 ]GRID grid.496987.d, ISNI 0000 0000 9158 1867, Sport Ireland, ; Dublin, Ireland
                [10 ]Ramblers Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
                [11 ]GRID grid.8250.f, ISNI 0000 0000 8700 0572, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, , Durham University, ; Durham, UK
                [12 ]GRID grid.5337.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7603, Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, , University of Bristol, ; Bristol, UK
                [13 ]GRID grid.487411.f, Southern Health & Social Care Trust, ; Portadown, UK
                [14 ]GRID grid.1023.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2193 0854, Central Queensland University, ; Rockhampton, Australia
                [15 ]GRID grid.8570.a, Department of Health Behavior, Environment and Social Medicine; Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, , Universitas Gadjah Mada, ; Yogyakarta, Indonesia
                [16 ]Paths for All, Stirling, UK
                [17 ]GRID grid.17091.3e, ISNI 0000 0001 2288 9830, University of British Columbia, ; Vancouver, Canada
                [18 ]GRID grid.127050.1, ISNI 0000 0001 0249 951X, Canterbury Christ Church University, ; Canterbury, UK
                [19 ]GRID grid.418449.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0379 5398, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, ; Bradford, UK
                [20 ]Independent Communication Specialist, Waterloo, Canada
                [21 ]GRID grid.8273.e, ISNI 0000 0001 1092 7967, Norwich Medical School, , University of East Anglia, ; Norwich, UK
                [22 ]GRID grid.416748.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0381 7112, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, , Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, ; Rockville, USA
                [23 ]GRID grid.466544.1, ISNI 0000 0001 2112 4705, Caja Costarricense Del Seguro Social, ; San José, Costa Rica
                [24 ]GRID grid.12641.30, ISNI 0000000105519715, Ulster University Doctoral College, ; Belfast, UK
                [25 ]GRID grid.17089.37, Centre for Active Living, , University of Alberta, ; Edmonton, Canada
                [26 ]GRID grid.5685.e, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9668, Faculty of Health, , York University, ; York, UK
                [27 ]ParticipACTION, Toronto, ON M5S 1M2 Canada
                [28 ]Sport England, London, UK
                [29 ]GRID grid.1032.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0375 4078, National Heart Foundation of Australia, , Curtin University, ; Perth, Australia
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2148-7586
                Article
                1230
                10.1186/s12966-021-01230-8
                8684545
                34923991
                7bf61c78-3d3c-4012-bbf2-1556f120e703
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 17 September 2021
                : 17 November 2021
                Categories
                Short Paper
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Nutrition & Dietetics
                exercise,campaigns,communication,guidance,principles
                Nutrition & Dietetics
                exercise, campaigns, communication, guidance, principles

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