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      Impacto de los eventos de El Niño Southern oscillation (ENSO) sobre la leishmaniosis cutánea en Sucre, Venezuela, a través del uso de información satelital, 1994 - 2003

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          Abstract

          Objetivos: Describir los posibles impactos de El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) sobre la leishmaniosis cutánea (LC) en Sucre, Venezuela en el período 1994-2003. Materiales y Métodos: La data climática se obtuvo de sistemas remotos y fue clasificada de acuerdo con la National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) en periodos El Niño, Neutral o La Niña, usando el Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) como indicador de variabilidad. Los datos de LC fueron obtenidos de la Gerencia de Saneamiento Ambiental en Sucre. Se realizaron comparaciones de las variaciones anuales y desviaciones de las tendencias medias, entre la incidencia de LC y variabilidad climática, así como modelos de regresión. Resultados: Se registraron entre 1994 -2003 en Sucre 2212 casos de LC. Se observaron tres fases importantes de El Niño: 1994-1995, 1997-1998 y 2001-2003, la más relevante correspondió a 1997-1998, que fue seguido de un periodo frío y lluvioso en 1999 (La Niña). Durante 1999/2000, se registraron 360 casos de LC en Sucre, con importante variabilidad intraanual, se observó un incremento en 66,7% de los casos de LC (F=10,06, p=0,0051) asociado a la presencia de La Niña débil (poco frío y lluvioso). Los modelos mostraron que a mayores valores del SOI menor incidencia de LC (r 2 =0,3308, p=0,0504). El incremento sobre la tendencia media de las precipitaciones se asoció con incrementos sobre las tendencias de la LC durante 1994-2003 (p=0,0358). Conclusiones: Estos datos reflejan la importancia del ENSO sobre la incidencia de la LC, abriendo una nueva línea de investigación con posible impacto en la predicción y monitoreo con relevancia en salud pública.

          Translated abstract

          Objectives: To determine the possible impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sucre, Venezuela, for the 1994-2003 period. Materials and Methods: Climatic data was obtained using remote systems, and it was classified according to the National Oceanograhic and Atmospheric Administration criteria for El Niño, Neutral, or La Niña periods, using the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) as a variability indicator. Cutaneous leishmaniasis data was obtained from the Environmental Sanitation Management Office in Sucre. Comparisons of annual variations and deviations from average trends were performed for cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence and climatic variability, and regression models were also used. Results: Between 1994 and 2003, 2212 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases were recorded. Three important El Niño phases were observed: 1994-1995, 1997-1998, and 2001-2003, being the one in 1997-1998 the most relevant one, which was followed by a chilly and rainy season in 1999 (La Niña). During 1999-2000, 360 cutaneous leishmaniasis cases were recorded in Sucre, with an important variability within a year, and a 66,7% increase in cutaneous leishmaniasis cases (F= 10,06, p= 0,0051) associated with the presence of a weak La Niña phenomenon (not too cold and rainy). Models showed that with higher SOI values, there was a reduced incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (r 2 = 0,3308; p= 0,0504). The increase with respect to the average trend in rain was associated with increases in trends for cutaneous leishmaniasis in the period from 1994 to 2003 (p= 0,0358). Conclusions: These data reflect the importance of ENSO upon cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence, opening a new research line, with a possible impact on prediction and monitoring, which is relevant for public health.

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          Satellite imagery in the study and forecast of malaria.

          More than 30 years ago, human beings looked back from the Moon to see the magnificent spectacle of Earth-rise. The technology that put us into space has since been used to assess the damage we are doing to our natural environment and is now being harnessed to monitor and predict diseases through space and time. Satellite sensor data promise the development of early-warning systems for diseases such as malaria, which kills between 1 and 2 million people each year.
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            Effect of temperature on the development of the aquatic stages of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae).

            Global warming may affect the future pattern of many arthropod-borne diseases, yet the relationship between temperature and development has been poorly described for many key vectors. Here the development of the aquatic stages of Africa's principal malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae s.s. Giles, is described at different temperatures. Development time from egg to adult was measured under laboratory conditions at constant temperatures between 10 and 40 degrees C. Rate of development from one immature stage to the next increased at higher temperatures to a peak around 28 degrees C and then declined. Adult development rate was greatest between 28 and 32 degrees C, although adult emergence was highest between 22 and 26 degrees C. No adults emerged below 18 degrees C or above 34 degrees C. Non-linear models were used to describe the relationship between developmental rate and temperature, which could be used for developing process-based models of malaria transmission. The utility of these findings is demonstrated by showing that a map where the climate is suitable for the development of aquatic stages of A. gambiae s.s. corresponded closely with the best map of malaria risk currently available for Africa.
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              Exploratory space-time analysis of reported dengue cases during an outbreak in Florida, Puerto Rico, 1991-1992.

              The spatial and temporal distributions of dengue cases reported during a 1991-1992 outbreak in Florida, Puerto Rico (population = 8,689), were studied by using a Geographic Information System. A total of 377 dengue cases were identified from a laboratory-based dengue surveillance system and georeferenced by their residential addresses on digital zoning and U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps. Weekly case maps were generated for the period between June and December 1991, when 94.2% of the dengue cases were reported. The temporal evolution of the epidemic was rapid, affecting a wide geographic area within seven weeks of the first reported cases of the season. Dengue cases were reported in 217 houses; of these 56 (25.8%) had between two and six reported cases. K-function analysis was used to characterize the spatial clustering patterns for all reported dengue cases (laboratory-positive and indeterminate) and laboratory-positive cases alone, while the Barton and David and Knox tests were used to characterize spatio-temporal attributes of dengue cases reported during the 1991-1992 outbreak. For both sets of data significant case clustering was identified within individual households over short periods of time (three days or less), but in general, the cases had spatial pattern characteristics much like the population pattern as a whole. The rapid temporal and spatial progress of the disease within the community suggests that control measures should be applied to the entire municipality, rather than to the areas immediately surrounding houses of reported cases. The potential for incorporating Geographic Information System technologies into a dengue surveillance system and the limitations of using surveillance data for spatial studies are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rins
                Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica
                Rev. perú. med. exp. salud publica
                Instituto Nacional de Salud (Lima, , Peru )
                1726-4634
                March 2005
                : 22
                : 1
                : 32-37
                Affiliations
                [06] La Paz orgnameFacultad de Medicina Bolivia
                [03] Sucre orgnameGerencia de Saneamiento Ambiental y Malariología Venezuela
                [02] Caracas orgnameUniversidad Central de Venezuela orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Venezuela
                [01] Miranda orgnameDirección Regional de Salud de Miranda Venezuela
                [05] Lingfield orgnameNational Center YPE Reino Unido
                [04] Trujillo orgnameUniversidad de Los Andes orgdiv1Centro Trujillano de Investigaciones Parasitológicas José Witremundo Torrealba Venezuela
                Article
                S1726-46342005000100006 S1726-4634(05)02200106
                7c69e85f-3366-43ad-9a74-d77c31127d5f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 6
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                SciELO Peru

                Self URI: Texto completo solamente en formato PDF (ES)
                Categories
                Trabajos Originales

                Cutaneous Leishmaniasis,Environment,Geographical Information Systems,Climate Changes,El Niño Southern Oscillation,Leishmaniasis Cutánea,Ambiente,Sistemas de Información Geográfica,Cambio Climático,El Niño Oscilación Sur

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