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      Eventos climáticos extremos e consequências sobre a saúde: o desastre de 2008 em Santa Catarina segundo diferentes fontes de informação Translated title: Extreme weather events and their consequences on health: the 2008 disaster in Santa Catarina taking into account different information sources

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          Abstract

          O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os impactos a saúde decorrentes do evento climático extremo ocorrido em novembro de 2008 em Santa Catarina. Também são considerados alguns dos processos sociais que se encontram subjacentes aos desastres e seus impactos humanos concretizados em doenças e agravos à saúde. O método consistiu na recuperação e análise de informações oriundas de diferentes fontes (saúde, defesa civil e imprensa), para os principais municípios atingidos pelo desastre. Os resultados demonstram que os efeitos imediatos constituem apenas a parte mais evidente dos impactos que se prolongam ao longo do tempo e expressam as vulnerabilidades sociais, ambientais e institucionais subjacentes aos desastres. Como conclusão aponta-se para as vulnerabilidades que devem ser enfrentadas nos processos de redução de riscos de desastres naturais envolvendo as agendas de desenvolvimento, do clima e da redução de riscos.

          Translated abstract

          There is trend of increasing the frequency and severity of extreme climate events and related disasters. The objective of this paper is to analyze the health impacts due to the flood occurred in November 2008 in Santa Catarina (southern Brazil) and the underlying social processes behind the disaster. The method consisted in the recovery and analysis of information from different sources (health services, civil protection and the newspapers), for the municipalities affected by the disaster. The results demonstrate that the immediate effects are just one part of health effects that extend over the medium and long term, expressing the underlying social, environmental and institutional vulnerabilities and lack of resilience to disasters. In conclusion we point to the various vulnerabilities that must be addressed to reduce the impact of natural disasters, involving the development agendas, and climate vulnerability reduction.

          Translated abstract

          Se observa una tendencia global de aumento en la frecuencia y intensidad de eventos climáticos extremos y desastres. El propósito de este artículo es contribuir para el análisis de los impactos en la salud resultantes de eventos climáticos extremos, tomando como caso la inundación del noviembre de 2008 en Santa Catarina (Brasil). Se consideran igualmente los procesos sociales subyacentes a los desastres y sus consecuencias en la salud de las poblaciones. Se buscó para este fin la recuperación y análisis de información desde diversas fuentes (salud, protección civil y la prensa) en los principales municipios afectados por el desastre. Los resultados han demostrado que los efectos inmediatos son sólo parte de los efectos, que se extienden a mediano y largo plazos, expresando las vulnerabilidades sociales, ambientales e institucionales por detrás de los desastres.

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            Psychological stress and cardiovascular disease.

            There is an enormous amount of literature on psychological stress and cardiovascular disease. This report reviews conceptual issues in defining stress and then explores the ramifications of stress in terms of the effects of acute versus long-term stressors on cardiac functioning. Examples of acute stressor studies are discussed in terms of disasters (earthquakes) and in the context of experimental stress physiology studies, which offer a more detailed perspective on underlying physiology. Studies of chronic stressors are discussed in terms of job stress, marital unhappiness, and burden of caregiving. From all of these studies there are extensive data concerning stressors' contributions to diverse pathophysiological changes including sudden death, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, and wall motion abnormalities, as well as to alterations in cardiac regulation as indexed by changes in sympathetic nervous system activity and hemostasis. Although stressors trigger events, it is less clear that stress "causes" the events. There is nonetheless overwhelming evidence both for the deleterious effects of stress on the heart and for the fact that vulnerability and resilience factors play a role in amplifying or dampening those effects. Numerous approaches are available for stress management that can decrease patients' suffering and enhance their quality of life.
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              Transgenes in Mexican maize: molecular evidence and methodological considerations for GMO detection in landrace populations

              A possible consequence of planting genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in centres of crop origin is unintended gene flow into traditional landraces. In 2001, a study reported the presence of the transgenic 35S promoter in maize landraces sampled in 2000 from the Sierra Juarez of Oaxaca, Mexico. Analysis of a large sample taken from the same region in 2003 and 2004 could not confirm the existence of transgenes, thereby casting doubt on the earlier results. These two studies were based on different sampling and analytical procedures and are thus hard to compare. Here, we present new molecular data for this region that confirm the presence of transgenes in three of 23 localities sampled in 2001. Transgene sequences were not detected in samples taken in 2002 from nine localities, while directed samples taken in 2004 from two of the positive 2001 localities were again found to contain transgenic sequences. These findings suggest the persistence or re-introduction of transgenes up until 2004 in this area. We address variability in recombinant sequence detection by analyzing the consistency of current molecular assays. We also present theoretical results on the limitations of estimating the probability of transgene detection in samples taken from landraces. The inclusion of a limited number of female gametes and, more importantly, aggregated transgene distributions may significantly lower detection probabilities. Our analytical and sampling considerations help explain discrepancies among different detection efforts, including the one presented here, and provide considerations for the establishment of monitoring protocols to detect the presence of transgenes among structured populations of landraces.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                s_asoc
                Ambiente & sociedade
                Ambient. soc.
                ANPPAS (Campinas )
                1809-4422
                December 2014
                : 17
                : 4
                : 273-294
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Brazil
                [2 ] Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Brazil
                [3 ] Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Brazil
                Article
                S1414-753X2014000400012
                10.1590/1809-4422ASOC1119V1742014
                7c6c8092-0b55-44a1-853a-be1a6fe59410

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History

                Climatic extreme event,Natural disaster,Environmental health,Vulnerability,Eventos climáticos extremos,Desastres naturales,Salud ambiental,Evento climático extremo,Desastre natural,Saúde ambiental,Vulnerabilidade

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