An Evaluation of ECG Leads Used to Assess QT Prolongation

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Abstract

Aims: The aim of the present study is to elucidate the optimal lead to be selected for the evaluation of drug-induced QT prolongation. Methods and Results: We assessed the validity of each electrocardiography (ECG) lead for the evaluation of QT intervals in 688 patients receiving psychotropic drugs. Abnormal QTc prolongation was observed in 96 (14%) patients using the longest ECG lead. Prevalence of QTc prolongation was larger when using leads I, III, aVR, aVL, aVF, V1, and V6 (>18%), and smaller when using lead V2 (10%). In the remaining 4 ECG leads, the overall accuracy to predict QTc prolongation was higher when using lead V3 (94%) compared with lead II (89%) or lead V5 (90%). Sensitivity to predict QTc prolongation was higher when using lead V4 (81%) compared with lead II (66%) or lead V2 (63%). Conclusion: When a single lead was used for the evaluation of QT prolongation, the results were not always similar to those using the lead which demonstrated the longest QT interval, and if only one lead is to be chosen, lead V3 or V4 should be selected.

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Prolongation of the QT interval and the sudden infant death syndrome.

F Perticone, P Salice, A Segantini … (1998)

The sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is multifactorial in origin, but its causes remain unknown. We previously proposed that prolongation of the QT interval on the electrocardiogram, possibly resulting from a developmental abnormality in cardiac sympathetic innervation, may increase the risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and contribute to this devastating disorder. We prospectively tested this hypothesis. Between 1976 and 1994, we recorded electrocardiograms on the third or fourth day of life in 34,442 newborns and followed them prospectively for one year. The QT interval was analyzed with and without correction for the heart rate. One-year follow-up data were available for 33,034 of the infants. There were 34 deaths, of which 24 were due to SIDS. The infants who died of SIDS had a longer corrected QT interval (QTc) than did the survivors (mean [+/-SD], 435+/-45 vs. 400+/-20 msec, P<0.01) and the infants who died from causes other than SIDS (393+/-24 msec, P<0.05). Moreover, 12 of the 24 SIDS victims but none of the other infants had a prolonged QTc (defined as a QTc greater than 440 msec). When the absolute QT interval was determined for similar cardiac-cycle lengths, it was found that 12 of the 24 infants who died of SIDS had a QT value exceeding the 97.5th percentile for the study group as a whole. The odds ratio for SIDS in infants with a prolonged QTc was 41.3 (95 percent confidence interval, 17.3 to 98.4). Prolongation of the QT interval in the first week of life is strongly associated with SIDS. Neonatal electrocardiographic screening may permit the early identification of a substantial percentage of infants at risk for SIDS, and the institution of preventive measures may therefore be possible.

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The prognostic value of the QT interval and QT interval dispersion in all-cause and cardiac mortality and morbidity in a population of Danish citizens.

Ida E. Holm, Emily Camm, Elfatih Malik … (1998)

To evaluate the prognostic value of the QT interval and QT interval dispersion in total and in cardiovascular mortality, as well as in cardiac morbidity, in a general population. The QT interval was measured in all leads from a standard 12-lead ECG in a random sample of 1658 women and 1797 men aged 30-60 years. QT interval dispersion was calculated from the maximal difference between QT intervals in any two leads. All cause mortality over 13 years, and cardiovascular mortality as well as cardiac morbidity over 11 years, were the main outcome parameters. Subjects with a prolonged QT interval (430 ms or more) or prolonged QT interval dispersion (80 ms or more) were at higher risk of cardiovascular death and cardiac morbidity than subjects whose QT interval was less than 360 ms, or whose QT interval dispersion was less than 30 ms. Cardiovascular death relative risk ratios, adjusted for age, gender, myocardial infarct, angina pectoris, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, smoking habits, serum cholesterol level, and heart rate were 2.9 for the QT interval (95% confidence interval 1.1-7.8) and 4.4 for QT interval dispersion (95% confidence interval 1.0-19-1). Fatal and non-fatal cardiac morbidity relative risk ratios were similar, at 2.7 (95% confidence interval 1.4-5.5) for the QT interval and 2.2 (95% confidence interval 1.1-4.0) for QT interval dispersion. Prolongation of the QT interval and QT interval dispersion independently affected the prognosis of cardiovascular mortality and cardiac fatal and non-fatal morbidity in a general population over 11 years.

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QTc-interval abnormalities and psychotropic drug therapy in psychiatric patients

SHL Thomas, SJ Jones, IN Ferrier … (2000)

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Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): CRD

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cardiology

Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.0008-6312

Title: Cardiology

Publisher: S. Karger AG

ISSN (Print): 0008-6312

ISSN (Electronic): 1421-9751

Publication date Subscription-year: 2006

Publication date (Print): March 2006

Publication date (Electronic): 03 April 2006

Volume: 105

Issue: 3

Pages: 149-154

Affiliations

Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

Article

Publisher ID: 91227 Other ID: Cardiology 2006;105:149–154

DOI: 10.1159/000091227

PubMed ID: 16449814

SO-VID: 7c7ea67a-6f21-4edd-9030-8801bb4a53fc

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Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

History

Date received : 21 July 2005

Date accepted : 26 October 2005

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Figures: 2, Tables: 3, References: 16, Pages: 6

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An Evaluation of ECG Leads Used to Assess QT Prolongation

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Karger: Cardiovascular System

Most cited references 11

Prolongation of the QT interval and the sudden infant death syndrome.

The prognostic value of the QT interval and QT interval dispersion in all-cause and cardiac mortality and morbidity in a population of Danish citizens.

QTc-interval abnormalities and psychotropic drug therapy in psychiatric patients

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