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      S-Allylmercaptocysteine Attenuates Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity through Suppression of Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation

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          Abstract

          Cisplatin is a potent chemotherapeutic agent, but its clinical usage is limited by nephrotoxicity. S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC), one of the water-soluble organosulfur garlic derivatives, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and plays an important role in protecting cells from apoptosis. This study aims to examine the protective effects of SAMC on cisplatin nephrotoxicity and to explore the mechanism of its renoprotection. Rats were treated with cisplatin with or without pre-treatment with SAMC. Renal function, histological change, oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzyme activities were investigated. Apoptotic marker, nuclearfactor (NF)-κB activity, expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and inflammatory cytokines were also examined. The effect of SAMC on cell viability and apoptosis was examined in cultured human kidney (HK-2) cells. SAMC was confirmed to significantly attenuate cisplatin-induced renal damage by using histological pathology and molecular biological method. Pre-treatment with SAMC reduced NF-κB activity, up-regulated Nrf2 and NQO1 expression and down-regulated inflammatory cytokine levels after cisplatin administration. Cisplatin-induced apoptosis in HK-2 cells was significantly attenuated by SAMC. Thus our results suggest that SAMC could be a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity through its anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

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          TNF-α mediates chemokine and cytokine expression and renal injury in cisplatin nephrotoxicity

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            Nefrotoxicidade aguda da cisplatina: mecanismos moleculares

            As drogas nefrotóxicas são responsáveis por aproximadamente 20% dos episódios de IRA em pacientes internados e ambulatoriais. A nefrotoxicidade pela cisplatina é um dos principais fatores limitantes em até 20% dos pacientes que recebem a droga, ocasionando lesões em células do epitélio tubular renal. A toxicidade da cisplatina é determinada pelo tecido-alvo e acúmulo nas células, além da interação com diversas estruturas subcelulares e com macromoléculas. A cisplatina se acumula e interfere com o funcionamento de diferentes organelas, tais como: mitocôndrias, lisossomas, retículo endoplasmático, núcleo e membrana celular, gerando inflamação e morte celular. Esta revisão tem como objetivo definir as bases fisiopatológicas e bioquímicas da nefrotoxicidade da cisplatina, revisando os principais mecanismos moleculares que levam à toxicidade tubular da cisplatina.
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              p38 MAP kinase inhibition ameliorates cisplatin nephrotoxicity in mice.

              Cisplatin is an important chemotherapeutic agent but can cause acute renal injury. Part of this acute renal injury is mediated through tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). The pathway through which cisplatin mediates the production of TNF-alpha and injury is not known. Cisplatin activates p38 MAPK and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. p38 MAPK activation leads to increased production of TNF-alpha in ischemic injury and in macrophages. However, little is known concerning the role of p38 MAPK in cisplatin-induced renal injury. Therefore, we examined the effect of cisplatin on p38 MAPK activity and the role of p38 MAPK in mediating cisplatin-induced TNF-alpha production and renal injury. In vitro, cisplatin caused a dose-dependent activation of p38 MAPK in proximal tubule cells. Inhibition of p38 MAPK activation led to inhibition of TNF-alpha production. In vivo, mice treated with a single dose of cisplatin (20 mg/kg body wt) developed severe renal dysfunction at 72 h [blood urea nitrogen (BUN): 154 +/- 34 mg/dl, creatinine: 1.4 +/- 0.4 mg/dl], which was accompanied by an increase in kidney p38 MAPK activity and an increase in infiltrating leukocytes. However, animals treated with the p38 MAPK inhibitor SKF-86002 along with cisplatin showed less renal dysfunction (BUN: 55 +/- 14 mg/dl, creatinine: 0.3 +/- 0.02 mg/dl, P < 0.05), less severe histological damage, and fewer leukocytes compared with cisplatin+vehicle-treated animals. Serum levels of TNF-alpha, sTNFRI, and sTNFRII also increased significantly in cisplatin-treated mice compared with SKF-86002-treated mice (P < 0.05). Kidney mRNA levels of TNF-alpha were significantly increased in cisplatin-treated mice compared with either SKF-86002- or saline-treated animals. The hydroxyl radical scavenger DMTU (100 mg.kg body wt(-1).day(-1)) prevented the activation of p38 MAPK by cisplatin both in vitro and in vivo. DMTU also completely prevented cisplatin-induced renal injury (BUN: 140 +/- 27 vs. 22 +/- 2 mg/dl, P < 0.005) and the increase in serum TNF-alpha (33 +/- 7 vs. 4 +/- 2 pg/ml, P < 0.005) and kidney TNF-alpha mRNA in vivo. We conclude that hydroxyl radicals, either directly or indirectly, activate p38 MAPK and that p38 MAPK plays an important role in mediating cisplatin-induced acute renal injury and inflammation, perhaps through production of TNF-alpha.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nutrients
                Nutrients
                nutrients
                Nutrients
                MDPI
                2072-6643
                20 February 2017
                February 2017
                : 9
                : 2
                : 166
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China; zxs_sdu@ 123456163.com (X.Z.); jiangxiaoyan1121@ 123456163.com (X.J.); liangliang0725@ 123456aliyun.com (A.L.)
                [2 ]Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Technologies, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 989 Xinluo Street, Jinan 250101, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: zxzhao@ 123456sdu.edu.cn or uszxzhao@ 123456gmail.com (Z.Z.); li-siying@ 123456hotmail.com (S.L.); Tel.: +86-531-8838-2187 (Z.Z.); Fax: +86-531-8838-2548 (Z.Z.)
                Article
                nutrients-09-00166
                10.3390/nu9020166
                5331597
                28230744
                7c879493-470e-4a58-b23f-d2cc198c04b1
                © 2017 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 13 November 2016
                : 18 January 2017
                Categories
                Article

                Nutrition & Dietetics
                cisplatin,samc,apoptosis,oxidative stress,inflammation
                Nutrition & Dietetics
                cisplatin, samc, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation

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