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      A Review of Chemosensation and Related Behavior in Aquatic Insects

      research-article
      Journal of Insect Science
      University of Wisconsin Library
      antennal morphology, neurophysiology, odors, olfaction, sensilla

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          Abstract

          Insects that are secondarily adapted to aquatic environments are able to sense odors from a diverse array of sources. The antenna of these insects, as in all insects, is the main chemosensory structure and its input to the brain allows for integration of sensory information that ultimately ends in behavioral responses. Only a fraction of the aquatic insect orders have been studied with respect to their sensory biology and most of the work has centered either on the description of the different types of sensilla, or on the behavior of the insect as a whole. In this paper, the literature is exhaustively reviewed and ways in which antennal morphology, brain structure, and associated behavior can advance better understanding of the neurobiology involved in processing of chemosensory information are discussed. Moreover, the importance of studying such group of insects is stated, and at the same time it is shown that many interesting questions regarding olfactory processing can be addressed by looking into the changes that aquatic insects undergo when leaving their aquatic environment.

          Resumen

          Los insectos que están adaptados secundariamente a ambientes acuáticos son capaces de percibir olores de una gran variedad de fuentes. La antena de estos insectos, como en todos los insectos, es la principal estructura quimiosensitiva cuyo aporte al cerebro permite la integración de la información sensorial que en última instancia termina en respuestas comportamentales. Solo unos pocos órdenes de insectos acuáticos han sido estudiados respecto a su biología sensorial y la mayor parte de los trabajos se han centrado en la descripción de los diferentes tipos de sensilias o en el comportamiento del insecto como un todo. En este trabajo se realiza una exhaustiva revisión de la literatura y se discuten las formas en que la morfología de las antenas, la estructura del cerebro y el comportamiento asociado a estos pueden promover una mejor comprensión de la neurobiología del procesamiento de la información quimiosensorial. Por otra parte, se establece la importancia del estudio de los insectos acuáticos y al mismo tiempo se demuestra que muchas preguntas interesantes sobre el procesamiento olfativo pueden abordarse estudiando los cambios que ocurren al abandonar el medio ambiente acuático.

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          The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae.

          Anopheles gambiae is the principal vector of malaria, a disease that afflicts more than 500 million people and causes more than 1 million deaths each year. Tenfold shotgun sequence coverage was obtained from the PEST strain of A. gambiae and assembled into scaffolds that span 278 million base pairs. A total of 91% of the genome was organized in 303 scaffolds; the largest scaffold was 23.1 million base pairs. There was substantial genetic variation within this strain, and the apparent existence of two haplotypes of approximately equal frequency ("dual haplotypes") in a substantial fraction of the genome likely reflects the outbred nature of the PEST strain. The sequence produced a conservative inference of more than 400,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that showed a markedly bimodal density distribution. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed strong evidence for about 14,000 protein-encoding transcripts. Prominent expansions in specific families of proteins likely involved in cell adhesion and immunity were noted. An expressed sequence tag analysis of genes regulated by blood feeding provided insights into the physiological adaptations of a hematophagous insect.
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            Odourant reception in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae

            Summary The mosquito Anopheles gambiae is the major vector of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. It locates its human hosts primarily through olfaction, but little is known about the molecular basis of this process. Here we functionally characterize the Anopheles gambiae Odourant Receptor (AgOr) repertoire. We identify receptors that respond strongly to components of human odour and that may act in the process of human recognition. Some of these receptors are narrowly tuned, and some salient odourants elicit strong responses from only one or a few receptors, suggesting a central role for specific transmission channels in human host-seeking behavior. This analysis of the Anopheles gambiae receptors permits a comparison with the corresponding Drosophila melanogaster odourant receptor repertoire. We find that odourants are differentially encoded by the two species in ways consistent with their ecological needs. Our analysis of the Anopheles gambiae repertoire identifies receptors that may be useful targets for controlling the transmission of malaria.
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              G protein-coupled receptors in Anopheles gambiae.

              We used bioinformatic approaches to identify a total of 276 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) from the Anopheles gambiae genome. These include GPCRs that are likely to play roles in pathways affecting almost every aspect of the mosquito's life cycle. Seventy-nine candidate odorant receptors were characterized for tissue expression and, along with 76 putative gustatory receptors, for their molecular evolution relative to Drosophila melanogaster. Examples of lineage-specific gene expansions were observed as well as a single instance of unusually high sequence conservation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Insect Sci
                J. Insect Sci
                insc
                Journal of Insect Science
                University of Wisconsin Library
                1536-2442
                2011
                17 May 2011
                : 11
                : 62
                Affiliations
                [1] Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
                Author notes
                Article
                10.1673/031.011.6201
                3281456
                21864156
                7c8e0f62-1cf1-405b-b19e-4b0ec57946b3
                © 2011

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 25 March 2010
                : 13 September 2010
                Page count
                Pages: 39
                Categories
                Article

                Entomology
                sensilla,odors,neurophysiology,antennal morphology,olfaction
                Entomology
                sensilla, odors, neurophysiology, antennal morphology, olfaction

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