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      Assessment of Community-Level Disparities in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infections and Deaths in Large US Metropolitan Areas

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          Abstract

          This cross-sectional study examines the association of neighborhood race/ethnicity and poverty with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections and related deaths in urban US counties.

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          Variation in COVID-19 Hospitalizations and Deaths Across New York City Boroughs

          Rishi Wadhera, Priya Wadhera, Prakriti Gaba … (2020)
          This study describes demographic characteristics and hospital bed capacities of the 5 New York City boroughs, and evaluates whether differences in testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), hospitalizations, and deaths have emerged as a signal of racial, ethnic, and financial disparities.
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            Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Population Level Covid-19 Mortality

            Cary Gross, Utibe Essien, Saamir Pasha … (2020)
            Background: Current reporting of Covid-19 mortality data by race and ethnicity across the United States could bias our understanding of population-mortality disparities. Moreover, stark differences in age distribution by race and ethnicity groups are seldom accounted for in analyses. Methods: To address these gaps, we conducted a cross-sectional study using publicly-reported Covid-19 mortality data to assess the quality of race and ethnicity data (Black, Latinx, white), and estimated age-adjusted disparities using a random effects meta-analytic approach. Results: We found only 28 states, and NYC, reported race and ethnicity-stratified Covid-19 mortality along with large variation in the percent of missing race and ethnicity data by state. Aggregated relative risk of death estimates for Black compared to the white population was 3.57 (95% CI: 2.84-4.48). Similarly, Latinx population displayed 1.88 (95% CI: 1.61-2.19) times higher risk of death than white patients. Discussion: In states providing race and ethnicity data, we identified significant population-level Covid-19 mortality disparities. We demonstrated the importance of adjusting for age differences across population groups to prevent underestimating disparities in younger population groups. The availability of high-quality and comprehensive race and ethnicity data is necessary to address factors contributing to inequity in Covid-19 mortality.
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              Author and article information

              Journal
              Journal ID (nlm-ta): JAMA Netw Open
              Journal ID (iso-abbrev): JAMA Netw Open
              Journal ID (pmc): JAMA Netw Open
              Title: JAMA Network Open
              Publisher: American Medical Association
              ISSN (Electronic): 2574-3805
              Publication date (Electronic): 28 July 2020
              Publication date Collection: July 2020
              Publication date PMC-release: 28 July 2020
              Volume: 3
              Issue: 7
              Electronic Location Identifier: e2016938
              Affiliations
              [1 ]Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
              [2 ]Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
              Author notes
              Article Information
              Accepted for Publication: July 1, 2020.
              Published: July 28, 2020. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16938
              Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2020 Adhikari S et al. JAMA Network Open.
              Corresponding Author: Samrachana Adhikari, PhD, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave, 4th Floor, Ste 454, New York, NY 10016 ( samrachana.adhikari@ 123456nyulangone.org ).
              Author Contributions: Dr Adhikari and Mr Pantaleo had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Dr Adhikari and Mr Pantaleo contributed equally.
              Concept and design: Adhikari, Pantaleo, Feldman, Ogedegbe, Thorpe.
              Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Adhikari, Pantaleo, Troxel.
              Drafting of the manuscript: Adhikari, Pantaleo, Ogedegbe.
              Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Adhikari, Pantaleo, Feldman, Thorpe, Troxel.
              Statistical analysis: Adhikari, Pantaleo, Troxel.
              Obtained funding: Adhikari.
              Administrative, technical, or material support: Feldman, Thorpe.
              Supervision: Adhikari.
              Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.
              Funding/Support: This work was supported by funding from Johnson & Johnson and by the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health under award number U54MD000538 to Dr Adhikari.
              Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
              Disclaimer: Dr Ogedegbe is an associate editor of JAMA Network Open, but he was not involved in any of the decisions regarding review of the manuscript or its acceptance. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of Johnson & Johnson or the National Institutes of Health.
              Article
              Publisher ID: zld200125
              DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16938
              PMC ID: 7388025
              PubMed ID: 32721027
              SO-VID: 7c93b21f-c422-4d85-b68f-a5e896398a11
              Copyright © Copyright 2020 Adhikari S et al. JAMA Network Open.
              License:

              This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License.

              History
              Date received : 27 May 2020
              Date accepted : 1 July 2020
              Funding
              Funded by: Johnson & Johnson
              Funded by: National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities
              Categories
              Subject: Research
              Subject: Research Letter
              Subject: Online Only
              Subject: Health Policy

              Data availability:

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