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      Range-expansion effects on the belowground plant microbiome

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          Abstract

          Plant range expansion is occurring at a rapid pace, largely in response to human-induced climate warming. While the movement of plants along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients is well documented, effects on the belowground microbial communities remains largely unknown. Further, in range expansion not all plant species are equal: in a new range the relatedness between range-expanding plant species and native flora can influence plant-microbe interactions. Here we used a latitudinal gradient across Europe to examine bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere and surrounding soils of range-expanding plant species. We selected range expanders with and without congeneric natives in the new range, and as a control, the congeneric natives, totaling 382 plant individuals collected across Europe. In general, a plant’s status as range expander was a weak predictor of bacterial and fungal community composition. However, microbial communities of range-expanding plant species became more similar to each other farther from their original range. Range expanders unrelated to the native community also experienced a decrease in the ratio of plant pathogens to symbionts, giving weak support to the enemy release hypothesis. Even at a continental scale the effects of plant range expansion on the belowground microbiome are detectable, though changes to specific taxa remain difficult to decipher.

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          A global atlas of the dominant bacteria found in soil

          The immense diversity of soil bacterial communities has stymied efforts to characterize individual taxa and document their global distributions. We analyzed soils from 237 locations across six continents and found that only 2% of bacterial phylotypes (~500 phylotypes) consistently accounted for almost half of the soil bacterial communities worldwide. Despite the overwhelming diversity of bacterial communities, relatively few bacterial taxa are abundant in soils globally. We clustered these dominant taxa into ecological groups to build the first global atlas of soil bacterial taxa. Our study narrows down the immense number of bacterial taxa to a "most wanted" list that will be fruitful targets for genomic and cultivation-based efforts aimed at improving our understanding of soil microbes and their contributions to ecosystem functioning.
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            Improved software detection and extraction of ITS1 and ITS2 from ribosomal ITS sequences of fungi and other eukaryotes for analysis of environmental sequencing data

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              Rapid responses of soil microorganisms improve plant fitness in novel environments.

              Global change is challenging plant and animal populations with novel environmental conditions, including increased atmospheric CO(2) concentrations, warmer temperatures, and altered precipitation regimes. In some cases, contemporary or "rapid" evolution can ameliorate the effects of global change. However, the direction and magnitude of evolutionary responses may be contingent upon interactions with other community members that also are experiencing novel environmental conditions. Here, we examine plant adaptation to drought stress in a multigeneration experiment that manipulated aboveground-belowground feedbacks between plants and soil microbial communities. Although drought stress reduced plant growth and accelerated plant phenologies, surprisingly, plant evolutionary responses to drought were relatively weak. In contrast, plant fitness in both drought and nondrought environments was linked strongly to the rapid responses of soil microbial community structure to moisture manipulations. Specifically, plants were most fit when their contemporary environmental conditions (wet vs. dry soil) matched the historical environmental conditions (wet vs. dry soil) of their associated microbial community. Together, our findings suggest that, when faced with environmental change, plants may not be limited to "adapt or migrate" strategies; instead, they also may benefit from association with interacting species, especially diverse soil microbial communities, that respond rapidly to environmental change.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                101698577
                46074
                Nat Ecol Evol
                Nat Ecol Evol
                Nature ecology & evolution
                2397-334X
                15 February 2019
                25 March 2019
                April 2019
                25 September 2019
                : 3
                : 4
                : 604-611
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708PB Wageningen The Netherlands
                [2 ]Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
                [3 ]Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia
                [4 ]Wageningen –
                [5 ]Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
                [6 ]University of Montenegro, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology, G. Washington Street, 81 000 Podgorica, Montenegro
                [7 ]Biološki inštitut Jovana Hadžija, ZRC SAZU, Novi trg 2, Slovenia
                [8 ]Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands
                [9 ]Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Greece
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding Author
                Article
                EMS81524
                10.1038/s41559-019-0828-z
                6443080
                30911144
                7caa7d56-8873-4039-ae9f-42f2ed67f74d

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                bacteria,fungi,plant-soil interactions,climate change,microbial ecology

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