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      Report on advances for pediatricians in 2018: allergy, cardiology, critical care, endocrinology, hereditary metabolic diseases, gastroenterology, infectious diseases, neonatology, nutrition, respiratory tract disorders and surgery

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          Abstract

          This review reported notable advances in pediatrics that have been published in 2018. We have highlighted progresses in allergy, cardiology, critical care, endocrinology, hereditary metabolic diseases, gastroenterology, infectious diseases, neonatology, nutrition, respiratory tract disorders and surgery. Many studies have informed on epidemiologic observations. Promising outcomes in prevention, diagnosis and treatment have been reported. We think that advances realized in 2018 can now be utilized to ameliorate patient care.

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          Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization

          Robert Tokunaga (2010)
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            The Definition and Prevalence of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome.

            Atilla Engin (2017)
            Increase in prevalence of obesity has become a worldwide major health problem in adults, as well as among children and adolescents. Furthermore, total adiposity and truncal subcutaneous fat accumulation during adolescence are positively and independently associated with atherosclerosis at adult ages. Centrally accumulation of body fat is associated with insulin resistance, whereas distribution of body fat in a peripheral pattern is metabolically less important. Obesity is associated with a large decrease in life expectancy. The effect of extreme obesity on mortality is greater among younger than older adults. In this respect, obesity is also associated with increased risk of several cancer types. However, up to 30% of obese patients are metabolically healthy with insulin sensitivity similar to healthy normal weight individuals, lower visceral fat content, and lower intima media thickness of the carotid artery than the majority of metabolically "unhealthy" obese patients.Abdominal obesity is the most frequently observed component of metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome; clustering of abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and hypertension, is a major public health challenge. The average prevalence of metabolic syndrome is 31%, and is associated with a two-fold increase in the risk of coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and a 1.5-fold increase in the risk of all-cause mortality.
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              Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets.

              Michael Holick (2006)
              The epidemic scourge of rickets in the 19th century was caused by vitamin D deficiency due to inadequate sun exposure and resulted in growth retardation, muscle weakness, skeletal deformities, hypocalcemia, tetany, and seizures. The encouragement of sensible sun exposure and the fortification of milk with vitamin D resulted in almost complete eradication of the disease. Vitamin D (where D represents D2 or D3) is biologically inert and metabolized in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], the major circulating form of vitamin D that is used to determine vitamin D status. 25(OH)D is activated in the kidneys to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], which regulates calcium, phosphorus, and bone metabolism. Vitamin D deficiency has again become an epidemic in children, and rickets has become a global health issue. In addition to vitamin D deficiency, calcium deficiency and acquired and inherited disorders of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus metabolism cause rickets. This review summarizes the role of vitamin D in the prevention of rickets and its importance in the overall health and welfare of infants and children.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Carlo Caffarelli:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7710-6995
                carlo.caffarelli@gmail.com
                Francesca Santamaria: santamar@unina.it
                Carla Mastrorilli: carla.mastrorilli@icloud.com
                Angelica Santoro: angelica.santoro204@gmail.com
                Brunella Iovane: biovane@ao.pr.it
                Maddalena Petraroli: mpetraroli@ao.pr.it
                Valeria Gaeta: val.gaeta1992@gmail.com
                Rosita Di Pinto: rositadipinto3107@gmail.com
                Melissa Borrelli: melissa.borrelli@unina.it
                Sergio Bernasconi: sbernasconi3@gmail.com
                Giovanni Corsello: giovanni.corsello@unipa.it
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Ital J Pediatr
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Ital J Pediatr
                Title: Italian Journal of Pediatrics
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1824-7288
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 October 2019
                Publication date PMC-release: 16 October 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 45
                Electronic Location Identifier: 126
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1758 0937, GRID grid.10383.39, Clinica Pediatrica, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, , University of Parma, ; Via Gramsci 14, Parma, Italy
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0790 385X, GRID grid.4691.a, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, , Federico II University, ; Naples, Italy
                [3 ]UO Pediatria e Pronto Soccorso, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico Pediatric Hospital Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1758 0937, GRID grid.10383.39, UOC Pediatria Generale e d’Urgenza, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, , University of Parma, ; Parma, Italy
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2181 4941, GRID grid.412451.7, Pediatrics Honorary Member University Faculty, , G D’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, ; Chieti, Italy
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1762 5517, GRID grid.10776.37, Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care “G. D’Alessandro”, , University of Palermo, ; Palermo, Italy
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7710-6995
                Article
                Publisher ID: 727
                DOI: 10.1186/s13052-019-0727-6
                PMC ID: 6796402
                PubMed ID: 31619283
                SO-VID: 7cb5e663-8a03-4093-ad3a-cfce10b2818c
                Copyright © © The Author(s). 2019
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 11 September 2019
                Date accepted : 30 September 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2019

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pediatrics
                Keywords: allergy,cardiology,children,critical care,endocrinology,hereditary metabolic diseases,gastroenterology,infectious diseases,neonatology,nutrition,respiratory tract disorders,surgery
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pediatrics
                Keywords: allergy, cardiology, children, critical care, endocrinology, hereditary metabolic diseases, gastroenterology, infectious diseases, neonatology, nutrition, respiratory tract disorders, surgery

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