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      When pandemics collide: The impact of COVID-19 on childhood obesity.

      discussion
      , MS, PPCNP-BC, FAANP, FAAN a , * , , PhD, RN, FAAN b , , DNSc, RN, CPNP-PC, FAAN c , , pH.D., R.N., CNE, ANEF, FTOS, FAAN d , , PhD, RN, CPNP-PC, FAAN e , , PhD, PNP, RNC, FAAN f , , PhD, RN, FNP, PPCNP-BC, FSAHM, FAAN g , , PhD, RN, FAAN h
      Journal of Pediatric Nursing
      Elsevier Inc.

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          Highlights

          • Children with obesity face increased biopsychosocial risks during COVID-19.

          • Stress exacerbates inflammation and immune response in obesity and COVID-19.

          • The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly interrupted children's daily routines.

          • The health effects of the obesogenic environment are exacerbated by COVID-19.

          • Access to timely, comprehensive healthcare is critical during COVID-19.

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          Most cited references81

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          The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence

          Summary The December, 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak has seen many countries ask people who have potentially come into contact with the infection to isolate themselves at home or in a dedicated quarantine facility. Decisions on how to apply quarantine should be based on the best available evidence. We did a Review of the psychological impact of quarantine using three electronic databases. Of 3166 papers found, 24 are included in this Review. Most reviewed studies reported negative psychological effects including post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger. Stressors included longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma. Some researchers have suggested long-lasting effects. In situations where quarantine is deemed necessary, officials should quarantine individuals for no longer than required, provide clear rationale for quarantine and information about protocols, and ensure sufficient supplies are provided. Appeals to altruism by reminding the public about the benefits of quarantine to wider society can be favourable.
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            Is Open Access

            Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults

            Summary Background Underweight, overweight, and obesity in childhood and adolescence are associated with adverse health consequences throughout the life-course. Our aim was to estimate worldwide trends in mean body-mass index (BMI) and a comprehensive set of BMI categories that cover underweight to obesity in children and adolescents, and to compare trends with those of adults. Methods We pooled 2416 population-based studies with measurements of height and weight on 128·9 million participants aged 5 years and older, including 31·5 million aged 5–19 years. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2016 in 200 countries for mean BMI and for prevalence of BMI in the following categories for children and adolescents aged 5–19 years: more than 2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference for children and adolescents (referred to as moderate and severe underweight hereafter), 2 SD to more than 1 SD below the median (mild underweight), 1 SD below the median to 1 SD above the median (healthy weight), more than 1 SD to 2 SD above the median (overweight but not obese), and more than 2 SD above the median (obesity). Findings Regional change in age-standardised mean BMI in girls from 1975 to 2016 ranged from virtually no change (−0·01 kg/m2 per decade; 95% credible interval −0·42 to 0·39, posterior probability [PP] of the observed decrease being a true decrease=0·5098) in eastern Europe to an increase of 1·00 kg/m2 per decade (0·69–1·35, PP>0·9999) in central Latin America and an increase of 0·95 kg/m2 per decade (0·64–1·25, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. The range for boys was from a non-significant increase of 0·09 kg/m2 per decade (−0·33 to 0·49, PP=0·6926) in eastern Europe to an increase of 0·77 kg/m2 per decade (0·50–1·06, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Trends in mean BMI have recently flattened in northwestern Europe and the high-income English-speaking and Asia-Pacific regions for both sexes, southwestern Europe for boys, and central and Andean Latin America for girls. By contrast, the rise in BMI has accelerated in east and south Asia for both sexes, and southeast Asia for boys. Global age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 0·7% (0·4–1·2) in 1975 to 5·6% (4·8–6·5) in 2016 in girls, and from 0·9% (0·5–1·3) in 1975 to 7·8% (6·7–9·1) in 2016 in boys; the prevalence of moderate and severe underweight decreased from 9·2% (6·0–12·9) in 1975 to 8·4% (6·8–10·1) in 2016 in girls and from 14·8% (10·4–19·5) in 1975 to 12·4% (10·3–14·5) in 2016 in boys. Prevalence of moderate and severe underweight was highest in India, at 22·7% (16·7–29·6) among girls and 30·7% (23·5–38·0) among boys. Prevalence of obesity was more than 30% in girls in Nauru, the Cook Islands, and Palau; and boys in the Cook Islands, Nauru, Palau, Niue, and American Samoa in 2016. Prevalence of obesity was about 20% or more in several countries in Polynesia and Micronesia, the Middle East and north Africa, the Caribbean, and the USA. In 2016, 75 (44–117) million girls and 117 (70–178) million boys worldwide were moderately or severely underweight. In the same year, 50 (24–89) million girls and 74 (39–125) million boys worldwide were obese. Interpretation The rising trends in children's and adolescents' BMI have plateaued in many high-income countries, albeit at high levels, but have accelerated in parts of Asia, with trends no longer correlated with those of adults. Funding Wellcome Trust, AstraZeneca Young Health Programme.
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              Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions

              The Lancet, 389(10077), 1453-1463
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Pediatr Nurs
                J Pediatr Nurs
                Journal of Pediatric Nursing
                Elsevier Inc.
                0882-5963
                1532-8449
                11 November 2020
                11 November 2020
                Affiliations
                [a ]No affiliation.
                [b ]University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, College of Nursing, 1921 East Hartford Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53, ,211, USA,
                [c ]California State University, Fullerton 800 N. State College Blvd. Fullerton, CA, 92831, –3599, USA.
                [d ]Marquette University College of Nursing P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.
                [e ]Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University 590 Woody Hayes Drive Columbus, Ohio, 43, ,210, USA.
                [f ]Loretta C. Ford Professor, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus 13,120 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop C288–18, Aurora, CO 80045.
                [g ]Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Adolescent & Young Adult Medicine, 300, Longwood, Ave. Boston, MA 02115.
                [h ]University of Toledo, College of Nursing, Collier Building, Room 4431, Mail Stop 1026, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, Ohio, 43, ,614–2598.
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: 25 Andrews Avenue, Falmouth, ME 04105.
                Article
                S0882-5963(20)30653-9
                10.1016/j.pedn.2020.11.004
                7657263
                33293199
                7cb6149c-4e93-41fa-8551-5d8ae85a758f
                © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 12 August 2020
                : 28 October 2020
                : 6 November 2020
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