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      AIDS- and sexuality-related stigmas underlying the use of post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV in Brazil: findings from a multicentric study

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          Abstract

          AIDS-related stigma is a major hurdle to care and it hinders people from accessing HIV prevention methods, such as post-exposure prophylaxis. This study was designed to explore how AIDS-related stigma impacts the experience of using non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) for HIV after sexual contact. Data were gathered in in-depth interviews with 59 people who voluntarily sought out nPEP in five public healthcare facilities in Brazil between 2015 and 2016. Data were analysed into three thematic categories: fear of being mistaken for a person living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA); desire to hide particular features of one’s sexual life; and experiences of stigmatising behaviour due to nPEP use. Based on the Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework, predominant manifestations of AIDS-related stigma in each category were analysed, as well as their intersections with gender- and sexuality-related stigmas. Results show that experiences of using nPEP are permeated by AIDS-related stigma, intersecting with sexuality- and gender-related stigmas. Stigma experiences are mainly perceived, anticipated and internalised; stigma practices include prejudice and stigmatising behaviours. Taking antiretrovirals (ARVs) led participants to the fear of being discriminated against as a PLWHA and having particular features of their sexual identities disclosed. Thus, hiding nPEP was strategic to protect from stigmatising behaviour. As ARV-based prevention technologies are scaled-up, interventions designed to tackle AIDS- and sexuality-related stigmas must be expanded in Brazil. Required interventions include public campaigns about nPEP, educational programmes in healthcare settings to offer adequate support to nPEP users and investments in stigma research and monitoring.

          Résumé

          La stigmatisation relative au sida est un obstacle majeur aux soins et elle empêche les personnes d’avoir accès aux méthodes de prévention comme la prophylaxie post-exposition. Cette étude souhaitait explorer comment la stigmatisation relative au sida influence l’expérience de l’emploi de la prophylaxie post-exposition (PPE) non professionnelle pour prévenir l’infection par le VIH après contact sexuel. Des données ont été recueillies au cours d’entretiens approfondis avec 59 personnes qui ont demandé de leur plein gré une PPE non professionnelle dans cinq centres publics de soins de santé au Brésil entre 2015 et 2016. Les données ont été analysées dans trois catégories thématiques: crainte d’être prise pour une personne vivant avec le VIH et le sida; désir de cacher des caractéristiques particulières de la vie sexuelle; et expériences de comportements stigmatisants en raison du recours à la PPE. Sur la base du Cadre sur la stigmatisation et la discrimination dans la santé, les manifestations prédominantes de stigmatisation relatives au sida dans chaque catégorie ont été analysées, ainsi que leurs intersections avec la stigmatisation relative au genre et à la sexualité. Les résultats montrent que les expériences de l’utilisation de la PPE non professionnelle sont influencées par la stigmatisation relative au sida, qui recoupe la stigmatisation relative à la sexualité et au genre. Les expériences de la stigmatisation sont surtout perçues, anticipées et internalisées; les pratiques de stigmatisation comprennent les préjugés et les comportements stigmatisants. La prise d’antirétroviraux (ARV) a conduit les participants à craindre de souffrir de discrimination comme personnes vivant avec le VIH et le sida, et les a incités à redouter une révélation de caractéristiques particulières de leur identité sexuelle. Par conséquent, cacher la PPE non professionnelle était logique pour se protéger du comportement stigmatisant. À mesure du déploiement des technologies de prévention fondées sur les ARV, les interventions destinées à lutter contre la stigmatisation relative au sida et à la sexualité doivent être élargies au Brésil. Les mesures nécessaires incluent des campagnes publiques sur la PPE non professionnelle, des programmes éducatifs dans les établissements de soins de santé pour offrir un appui adapté aux usagers de la PPE non professionnelle et des investissements dans la recherche et le suivi de la stigmatisation.

          Resumen

          El estigma relacionado con el SIDA es una gran barrera para los servicios de salud y obstaculiza el acceso de las personas a métodos de prevención del VIH, tales como profilaxis postexposición. Este estudio fue creado para explorar cómo el estigma relacionado con el SIDA afecta la experiencia de utilizar profilaxis postexposición no ocupacional para el VIH después de contacto sexual (nPEP). Se recolectaron datos en entrevistas a profundidad con 59 personas que buscaron nPEP voluntariamente en cinco unidades de salud pública en Brasil entre 2015 y 2016. Se analizaron los datos en tres categorías temáticas: miedo a ser confundido con una persona que vive con VIH y SIDA (PVVS); deseo de ocultar características específicas de su vida sexual; y experiencias de comportamiento estigmatizante debido al uso de nPEP. A raíz del Marco de estigma y discriminación con relación a la salud, se analizaron las manifestaciones predominantes de estigma relacionado con el SIDA en cada categoría, así como sus intersecciones con estigmas relacionados con género y sexualidad. Los resultados muestran que las experiencias de utilizar nPEP están permeadas por el estigma relacionado con el SIDA, en intersección con los estigmas relacionados con sexualidad y género. Las experiencias de estigma, en su mayoría, son percibidas, previstas e internalizadas; entre las prácticas de estigma figuran prejuicios y comportamientos estigmatizantes. Por tomar antirretrovirales (ARV), las personas participantes tenían miedo de ser discriminadas como PVVS y de que características específicas de su identidad sexual fueran reveladas. Por ello, ocultar la nPEP era estratégico para protegerlas de comportamientos estigmatizantes. A medida que se amplían las tecnologías de prevención basadas en ARV, es imperativo ampliar las intervenciones diseñadas para combatir los estigmas relacionados con el SIDA y la sexualidad en Brasil. Entre las intervenciones necesarias figuran campañas públicas sobre nPEP, programas educativos en establecimientos de salud para ofrecer apoyo adecuado a usuarios de nPEP, e inversiones en investigaciones y monitoreo del estigma.

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          HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men in Brazil: results of the 2nd national survey using respondent-driven sampling

          Abstract This paper reports human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) prevalence in the 2nd National Biological and Behavioral Surveillance Survey (BBSS) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in 12 cities in Brazil using respondent-driven sampling (RDS). Following formative research, RDS was applied in 12 cities in the 5 macroregions of Brazil between June and December 2016 to recruit MSM for BBSS. The target sample size was 350 per city. Five to 6 seeds were initially selected to initiate recruitment and coupons and interviews were managed online. On-site rapid testing was used for HIV screening, and confirmed by a 2nd test. Participants were weighted using Gile estimator. Data from all 12 cities were merged and analyzed with Stata 14.0 complex survey data analysis tools in which each city was treated as its own strata. Missing data for those who did not test were imputed HIV+ if they reported testing positive before and were taking antiretroviral therapy. A total of 4176 men were recruited in the 12 cities. The average time to completion was 10.2 weeks. The longest chain length varied from 8 to 21 waves. The sample size was achieved in all but 2 cities. A total of 3958 of the 4176 respondents agreed to test for HIV (90.2%). For results without imputation, 17.5% (95%CI: 14.7–20.7) of our sample was HIV positive. With imputation, 18.4% (95%CI: 15.4–21.7) were seropositive. HIV prevalence increased beyond expectations from the results of the 2009 survey (12.1%; 95%CI: 10.0–14.5) to 18.4%; CI95%: 15.4 to 21.7 in 2016. This increase accompanies Brazil's focus on the treatment to prevention strategy, and a decrease in support for community-based organizations and community prevention programs.
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            Desperdício da experiência e precarização da vida: momento político contemporâneo da resposta brasileira à aids

            Já reconhecido pela qualidade da resposta à aids, o Brasil experimenta hoje retrocessos, em especial na área da prevenção. Este texto analisa a situação, com o auxílio de duas categorias conceituais: o desperdício da experiência, analítica que construímos inspirados em Boaventura Santos, e a precarização da vida, noção que toma como base as ideias de Judith Butler. Em sintonia com essas categorias, retoma a proposta de solidariedade, importante organizador político do vigor inicial da resposta brasileira à aids. As políticas públicas brasileiras lidam com a epidemia de aids nos dias de hoje na permanente tensão entre o fazer viver(ampliação da oferta de exames para conhecimento da situação sorológica e oferta universal da medicação antirretroviral) e o deixar morrer(reforço das situações de estigma e discriminação às populações vulneráveis). Em torno deste quadro, o texto efetua análises e lança provocações.
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              HIV stigma experienced by young men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV infection.

              Stigma can compromise the health of persons living with HIV. Although HIV is increasingly affecting young men who have sex with men (MSM), little is known about their experiences with HIV stigma. We used narrative data to examine HIV stigma experienced by young MSM living with HIV. Data came from 28 qualitative interviews with young MSM. We used inductive content analysis to identify themes across these interviews. Participants commonly discussed negative perceptions and treatment of persons living with HIV. Stigma could result in nondisclosure of HIV status, internalized stigma, and avoidance of HIV-related things. Some men discussed strategies that might combat stigma. Findings suggest that HIV stigma might challenge young MSM's health by undermining health-conducive resources (e.g., social support) and contributing to HIV vulnerability. Interventions that counteract HIV stigma may help to create environments that promote well-being among young MSM living with HIV.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sex Reprod Health Matters
                Sex Reprod Health Matters
                Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters
                Taylor & Francis
                2641-0397
                27 August 2019
                2019
                : 27
                : 3 , The elimination of stigma and discrimination in sexual and reproductive health care
                : 107-121
                Affiliations
                [a ]Public Health Analyst, Escola de Governo em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz , Brasília, Brazil
                [b ]PhD Candidate, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
                [c ]Professor, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
                [d ]Assistant Professor at Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Católica de Santos , Santos, Brazil
                [e ]Researcher, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0443-3183
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-4190
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6234-1490
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2414-1281
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6169-9455
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5896-9223
                Article
                1650587
                10.1080/26410397.2019.1650587
                7888039
                31533555
                7cee50fa-b6e1-42ef-a2dd-ad7aefa28638
                © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 51, Pages: 15
                Categories
                Research Article
                Research Articles

                stigma,post-exposure prophylaxis,hiv,aids,prevention,qualitative research

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