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      Non-normal data in repeated measures ANOVA: impact on type I error and power Translated title: Datos no normales en el ANOVA de medidas repetidas: impacto en el error tipo I y potencia

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          Abstract

          Abstract Background: Repeated measures designs are commonly used in health and social sciences research. Although there are other, more advanced, statistical analyses, theF-statistic of repeated measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) remains the most widely used procedure for analyzing differences in means. The impact of the violation of normality has been extensively studied for between-subjects ANOVA, but this is not the case for RM-ANOVA. Therefore, studies that extensively and systematically analyze the robustness of RM-ANOVA under the violation of normality are needed. This paper reports the results of two simulation studies aimed at analyzing the Type I error and power of RM-ANOVA when the normality assumption is violated but sphericity is fulfilled. Method: Study 1 considered 20 distributions, both known and unknown, and we manipulated the number of repeated measures (3, 4, 6, and 8) and sample size (from 10 to 300). Study 2 involved unequal distributions in each repeated measure. The distributions analyzed represent slight, moderate, and severe deviation from normality. Results: Overall, the results show that the Type I error and power of theF-statistic are not altered by the violation of normality. Conclusions: RM-ANOVA is generally robust to non-normality when the sphericity assumption is met.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Antecedentes: El diseño de medidas repetidas es uno de los más usados en ciencias sociales y de la salud. Aunque hay otras alternativas más avanzadas, el análisis de varianza de medidas repetidas (ANOVA-MR) sigue siendo el procedimiento más empleado para analizar las diferencias de medias. El impacto de la violación de la normalidad ha sido muy estudiado en el ANOVA intersujeto, pero los estudios son muy escasos en el ANOVA-MR. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo es realizar dos estudios de simulación Monte Carlo para analizar el error de Tipo I y la potencia cuando se incumple este supuesto bajo el cumplimiento de la esfericidad. Método: El estudio 1 incluye 20 distribuciones, tanto conocidas como desconocidas, manipulando el número de medidas repetidas (3, 4, 6 y 8) y el tamaño muestral (de 10 a 300). El estudio 2 incluye diferentes distribuciones en cada medida repetida. Las distribuciones analizadas representan desviación leve, moderada y severa de la normalidad. Resultados: En general, los resultados muestran que tanto el error Tipo I como la potencia del estadístico F no se alteran con la violación de la normalidad. Conclusiones: El ANOVA-MR es generalmente robusto a la no normalidad cuando la esfericidad se satisface.

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          Missing data analysis: making it work in the real world.

          This review presents a practical summary of the missing data literature, including a sketch of missing data theory and descriptions of normal-model multiple imputation (MI) and maximum likelihood methods. Practical missing data analysis issues are discussed, most notably the inclusion of auxiliary variables for improving power and reducing bias. Solutions are given for missing data challenges such as handling longitudinal, categorical, and clustered data with normal-model MI; including interactions in the missing data model; and handling large numbers of variables. The discussion of attrition and nonignorable missingness emphasizes the need for longitudinal diagnostics and for reducing the uncertainty about the missing data mechanism under attrition. Strategies suggested for reducing attrition bias include using auxiliary variables, collecting follow-up data on a sample of those initially missing, and collecting data on intent to drop out. Suggestions are given for moving forward with research on missing data and attrition.
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            Move over ANOVA: progress in analyzing repeated-measures data and its reflection in papers published in the Archives of General Psychiatry.

            The analysis of repeated-measures data presents challenges to investigators and is a topic for ongoing discussion in the Archives of General Psychiatry. Traditional methods of statistical analysis (end-point analysis and univariate and multivariate repeated-measures analysis of variance [rANOVA and rMANOVA, respectively]) have known disadvantages. More sophisticated mixed-effects models provide flexibility, and recently developed software makes them available to researchers. To review methods for repeated-measures analysis and discuss advantages and potential misuses of mixed-effects models. Also, to assess the extent of the shift from traditional to mixed-effects approaches in published reports in the Archives of General Psychiatry. The Archives of General Psychiatry from 1989 through 2001, and the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study 425. Studies with a repeated-measures design, at least 2 groups, and a continuous response variable. The first author ranked the studies according to the most advanced statistical method used in the following order: mixed-effects model, rMANOVA, rANOVA, and end-point analysis. The use of mixed-effects models has substantially increased during the last 10 years. In 2001, 30% of clinical trials reported in the Archives of General Psychiatry used mixed-effects analysis. Repeated-measures ANOVAs continue to be used widely for the analysis of repeated-measures data, despite risks to interpretation. Mixed-effects models use all available data, can properly account for correlation between repeated measurements on the same subject, have greater flexibility to model time effects, and can handle missing data more appropriately. Their flexibility makes them the preferred choice for the analysis of repeated-measures data.
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              Non-normal data: Is ANOVA still a valid option?

              The robustness of F-test to non-normality has been studied from the 1930s through to the present day. However, this extensive body of research has yielded contradictory results, there being evidence both for and against its robustness. This study provides a systematic examination of F-test robustness to violations of normality in terms of Type I error, considering a wide variety of distributions commonly found in the health and social sciences.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                psicothema
                Psicothema
                Psicothema
                Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos del Principado de Asturias (Oviedo, Asturias, Spain )
                0214-9915
                1886-144X
                2023
                : 35
                : 1
                : 21-29
                Affiliations
                [2] Cataluña orgnameUniversitat de Barcelona Spain
                [1] Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Málaga Spain
                Article
                S1886-144X2023000100003 S1886-144X(23)03500100003
                10.7334/psicothema2022.292
                36695847
                7d1e5679-8e89-4465-a3d9-50dfd679f7f3

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 06 July 2022
                : 25 September 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 58, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Articles

                robustness,power,ANOVA,violación de la normalidad,diseño intrasujeto,robustez,potencia,ANOVA.,violation of normality,within-subject design

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