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      Percepción Social de la Violencia en la Pareja desde los Estereotipos de Género Translated title: Social Perception through Gender Stereotypes of Partner Violence

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          Abstract

          El objetivo general de la investigación consiste en evaluar el grado de anclaje social de determinados estereotipos sobre género (hombre proveedor; mujer cuidadora) y sobre violencia de género (hombre violento, mujer pacífica) y se enmarca en el contexto de un debate sobre el alcance y los límites del enfoque de género a la hora de comprender y prevenir la violencia en las diversas modalidades de pareja. Participaron en la investigación 741 personas, dos tercios de las cuales mujeres, residentes en España, México, Puerto Rico y El Salvador. En cada país, se accedió a una muestra de conveniencia estratificada de acuerdo con criterios de género, generación, nivel de formación, situación ocupacional y orientación sexual. En sesiones individualizadas cuya duración osciló entre 35 y 60 minutos, las personas participantes respondieron primero un IAT (Implicit Association Test) y luego un cuestionario con series de ítems cerrados y de preguntas abiertas. Una de sus secciones incluye 48 ítems referidos a “actividades” que la persona debe categorizar numéricamente en una escala de 1 a 7, con formato de diferencial semántico, en cuyos polos figuran “de hombre” y “de mujer”. En esta serie se entremezclan dos escalas de 24 ítems cada una de ellas: la de dureza y la de ternura. De la información obtenida se desprende que las muestras de todos los países organizan su percepción de la violencia en la pareja de acuerdo con los estereotipos de género. Hombres y mujeres coinciden en percibir como masculinos los atributos de la escala de dureza y como femeninos los de la de ternura, acentuando y polarizando éstas aún más las diferencias percibidas en cuanto a conductas de rol de género. El anclaje sociocultural de los estereotipos de violencia de género tiene implicaciones teóricas y también sociales al visibilizar especialmente el maltrato de hombre a mujer en la pareja heterosexual y desenfocar el que se da en otras formas de pareja. Ello plantea urgencias en la agenda de la investigación.

          Translated abstract

          The overall goal of this research was to assess the degree of social attachment of certain stereotypes about gender (male provider; female caregiver) and violence (violent, peaceful woman) and is framed in the context of a debate about the extent and limits of a gender approach when it comes to understanding and preventing violence in different types of partner. 741 people were involved in the research, two thirds of them women, living in Spain, Mexico, Puerto Rico and El Salvador. In each country, they agreed to a stratified convenience sample according to criteria of gender, age, education level, occupational status and sexual orientation. In one session lasting between 35 and 60 minutes, the participants first answered an IAT (Implicit Association Test) and then a series of items in a questionnaire with closed and open ended questions. One section includes 48 items referring to "activities" that the person must categorize numerically on a scale of 1-7, with a semantic differential format, and whose poles are "male" and "woman." In this series two scales of 24 items each are mixed: hardness and tenderness. From the information obtained it is seen that samples from all countries organize their perception of partner violence according to gender stereotypes. Men and women both perceived attributes of the hardness scale to be masculine, and those of tenderness to be feminine, with these perceived differences in terms of gender role behaviors being even more enhanced and further polarized by the women. The socio-cultural anchor of the gender violence stereotype has theoretical and social implications in that it visualizes abuse from a man to a woman in the heterosexual couple and blurs that which occurs in other forms of partner. This raises topics which should be urgently addressed in the research agenda.

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          Most cited references45

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          Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test.

          An implicit association test (IAT) measures differential association of 2 target concepts with an attribute. The 2 concepts appear in a 2-choice task (2-choice task (e.g., flower vs. insect names), and the attribute in a 2nd task (e.g., pleasant vs. unpleasant words for an evaluation attribute). When instructions oblige highly associated categories (e.g., flower + pleasant) to share a response key, performance is faster than when less associated categories (e.g., insect & pleasant) share a key. This performance difference implicitly measures differential association of the 2 concepts with the attribute. In 3 experiments, the IAT was sensitive to (a) near-universal evaluative differences (e.g., flower vs. insect), (b) expected individual differences in evaluative associations (Japanese + pleasant vs. Korean + pleasant for Japanese vs. Korean subjects), and (c) consciously disavowed evaluative differences (Black + pleasant vs. White + pleasant for self-described unprejudiced White subjects).
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            Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm.

            In reporting Implicit Association Test (IAT) results, researchers have most often used scoring conventions described in the first publication of the IAT (A.G. Greenwald, D.E. McGhee, & J.L.K. Schwartz, 1998). Demonstration IATs available on the Internet have produced large data sets that were used in the current article to evaluate alternative scoring procedures. Candidate new algorithms were examined in terms of their (a) correlations with parallel self-report measures, (b) resistance to an artifact associated with speed of responding, (c) internal consistency, (d) sensitivity to known influences on IAT measures, and (e) resistance to known procedural influences. The best-performing measure incorporates data from the IAT's practice trials, uses a metric that is calibrated by each respondent's latency variability, and includes a latency penalty for errors. This new algorithm strongly outperforms the earlier (conventional) procedure.
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              Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method variables and construct validity.

              The Implicit Association Test (IAT) assesses relative strengths of four associations involving two pairs of contrasted concepts (e.g., male-female and family-career). In four studies, analyses of data from 11 Web IATs, averaging 12,000 respondents per data set, supported the following conclusions: (a) sorting IAT trials into subsets does not yield conceptually distinct measures; (b) valid IAT measures can be produced using as few as two items to represent each concept; (c) there are conditions for which the administration order of IAT and self-report measures does not alter psychometric properties of either measure; and (d) a known extraneous effect of IAT task block order was sharply reduced by using extra practice trials. Together, these analyses provide additional construct validation for the IAT and suggest practical guidelines to users of the IAT.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                inter
                Psychosocial Intervention
                Psychosocial Intervention
                Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1132-0559
                2173-4712
                July 2010
                : 19
                : 2
                : 121-127
                Affiliations
                [01] Barcelona orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Barcelona
                Article
                S1132-05592010000200003
                7d3af0bd-2fdf-4dc4-93ee-a13ad7e34472

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 March 2010
                : 08 January 2010
                : 26 March 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 37, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                violencia,pareja,género,estereotipos,violence,couple,gender,stereotypes

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