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      Aspectos clínicos y microbiológicos de la peritonitis fúngica en diálisis peritoneal Translated title: Clinical and microbiological aspects of fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis

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          Abstract

          La peritonitis es una de las complicaciones más graves de la diálisis peritoneal. Las bacterias son las responsables de la mayoría de los casos. La infección fúngica es infrecuente, pero se asocia con una alta morbilidad, con la imposibilidad de continuar en el programa de diálisis y con un importante índice de mortalidad. Su incidencia varía del 1% al 10% de los episodios de peritonitis en niños y del 1% al 23% en adultos. Su presentación clínica es similar a la de la peritonitis bacteriana. Los factores predisponentes de peritonitis fúngica no han sido establecidos con claridad; los episodios previos de peritonitis bacteriana y el tratamiento con antibióticos de amplio espectro han sido descritos a menudo en la literatura. Las especies de Candida son los patógenos más habituales y Candida albicans la más frecuente, pero en la última década se ha observado una alta prevalencia de Candida parapsilosis. El diagnóstico microbiológico es fundamental para determinar la etiología y prescribir el tratamiento, que suele requerir, además de la terapia antifúngica, la retirada del catéter peritoneal y la consecuente transferencia a hemodiálisis. Fluconazol y anfotericina B son los antifúngicos recomendados; los nuevos fármacos como voriconazol y caspofungina han demostrado tener también una gran utilidad. El propósito de esta revisión sistemática ha sido analizar los aspectos clínicos y microbiológicos de la peritonitis fúngica, los cuales son poco conocidos y han cambiado en los últimos años.

          Translated abstract

          Peritonitis is one of the most serious complications of peritoneal dialysis. Pathogenic bacteria cause the majority of cases of peritonitis. Fungal infection is rare but it is associated with high morbidity, the inability to continue on the dialysis program and a high mortality rate. Its incidence ranges from 4% to 10% of all peritonitis episodes in children and from 1% to 23% in adults. Its clinical presentation is similar to bacterial peritonitis. Until now, predisposing factors of fungal peritonitis have not been clearly established; the history of bacterial peritonitis episodes and treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics have been often reported in literature. Candida species were the most common pathogens and Candida albicans was the most frequent, but high prevalence of Candida parapsilosis has been observed in the last decade. Microbiological findings are essential to determine the etiology of peritonitis. Successful management of fungal peritonitis requires antifungal therapy, the removal of the peritoneal catheter and the subsequent transfer to hemodialysis. Fluconazole and amphotericin B are recommended as antifungal agents. New drugs such as voriconazole and caspofungin are very effective. The aim of this systematic review has been to analyse the clinical and microbiological aspects of fungal peritonitis, as they are not well known and have changed in the last few years.

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          An overview of chronic subdural hematoma: experience with 2300 cases.

          Over a period of 30 years since 1966, 2300 cases of chronic subdural hematoma have been seen and treated. A male preponderance among the cases was seen, in a ratio of 5:1. The condition presented with various manifestations. Nine hundred were seen in the pre-CT period (before 1980), compared to 1400 cases encountered after 1980. Since 1968, these cases have been managed by a small temporal craniotomy, with the dura left open and the subdural space communicating with the subtemporalis area. This procedure has resulted in marked reduction of recurrence, and membranectomy has not been required. There have been 11 deaths in this group of patients; the mortality rate is only 0.5%.
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            Factors predicting outcome of fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: analysis of a 9-year experience of fungal peritonitis in a single center.

            Fungal peritonitis causes significant morbidity and mortality for patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). We retrospectively reviewed 70 episodes of fungal peritonitis in a single center over the last 9 years in 896 CAPD patients. Seventy percent of the episodes of fungal peritonitis were caused by Candida species, among which 50% were Candida parapsilosis. As a result of fungal peritonitis, 44% of the patients died, whereas further peritoneal dialysis failed in 14%, requiring a change to long-term hemodialysis. Only 37% managed to continue CAPD. The remaining 5% either underwent transplantation or were lost to follow-up. We identified the factors associated with poor outcome, namely mortality and technique failure. The presence of abdominal pain, bowel obstruction, and a catheter remaining in situ were significantly associated with greater mortality. Abdominal pain, antibiotic use within 3 months before fungal peritonitis, and complication by bowel obstruction were associated with greater technique failure. In choosing antifungal agents with catheter removal, oral fluconazole alone appears equally as effective as combined oral fluconazole with 5-flucytosine for peritonitis caused by Candida species. For peritonitis caused by species other than Candida, the choice of antifungal therapy needs to be individualized, based on fungal species and sensitivities.
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              Fungal peritonitis in a large chronic peritoneal dialysis population: a report of 55 episodes.

              Fungal peritonitis (FP) is a rare but serious complication of chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) therapy and is associated with high morbidity and CPD drop-out. Risk factors and management of FP remain controversial. We reviewed our experience with FP in an attempt to identify risk factors and to examine outcome in relation to treatment strategies. Between March 1984 and August 1994, 704 patients were maintained on CPD therapy in our unit. A total of 1,712 episodes of peritonitis were identified among these patients. Fungal peritonitis accounted for 55 (3.2%) of these episodes. The patients on CPD therapy who developed FP were similar to those who did not develop FP with regard to age, gender, underlying etiology for end-stage renal disease, and comorbid disease. Prior antibiotic use was noted in 87.3% of episodes of FP. The peritonitis rate in the patients who developed FP was one episode every 5.1 months compared with one episode every 9.9 patient-months in the CPD patients who did not develop this infection. Candida sp caused 74.5% of the episodes of FP. All patients were treated with antifungal drugs. In 85.5% of infections the Tenckhoff catheter was removed within 1 week of the diagnosis of FP; 31.9% of the patients who had the Tenckhoff catheter removed did not have the catheter replaced because of death or transfer to hemodialysis. In the patients who developed FP, 68.1% had the Tenckhoff catheter replaced; of these patients, 90.6% and 59.4% were on CPD therapy 1 and 6 months after catheter replacement, respectively. We conclude that risk factors identified in our population include peritonitis rate and prior antibiotic use. Fungal peritonitis is rare in our CPD population, and although it leads to significant CPD drop-out, it can be managed in many patients with antifungal therapy, early catheter removal, and temporary hemodialysis. Of the catheters replaced between 2 and 8 weeks after the diagnosis of FP, 91% functioned successfully, allowing continuation of CPD.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nefrologia
                Nefrología (Madrid)
                Nefrología (Madr.)
                Sociedad Española de Nefrología (Cantabria, Santander, Spain )
                0211-6995
                1989-2284
                2009
                : 29
                : 6
                : 506-517
                Affiliations
                [02] Cádiz orgnameHospital Universitario Puerta del Mar orgdiv1Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología
                [01] Alcázar de San Juan orgnameComplejo Hospitalario La Mancha-Centro orgdiv1Sección de Nefrología
                Article
                S0211-69952009000600003
                7d4fb338-67e9-4886-a71b-9fe86fe3efc6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 145, Pages: 12
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                SciELO Spain


                Peritonitis,Peritonitis fúngica,Diálisis peritoneal,Candida,Catéter peritoneal,Antifúngicos,Fluconazol,Voriconazol,Fungal peritonitis,Peritoneal dialysis,Peritoneal catheter,Antifungal therapy,Fluconazole,Voriconazole

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