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      Global Infectious Diseases in September 2022: Monthly Analysis

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            Abstract

            The threat of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms to both human health and the economy is enormous. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a global pandemic. In contrast to many other infectious diseases, monkeypox spreads rapidly and cannot be ignored. Collection of data on contagious diseases can provide quantitative evidence to support effective pandemic control strategies. Global data on predominant infectious diseases collected in the past several weeks and a summary of their epidemiology are presented herein.

            Main article text

            INTRODUCTION

            Most infectious diseases are caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi. New infectious diseases will inevitably appear, thus posing a continuing challenge for public health systems worldwide. For example, the early 20th century’s HIV/AIDS epidemic, the SARS- and MERS-coronavirus outbreaks, the West Nile virus outbreak, and the Nipah virus outbreak are just several emerging infectious diseases [1]. Under suitable conditions, infectious disease transmission can spread exponentially among populations within relatively short time periods, thus resulting in public fear, economic hardship, and other adverse effects.

            The emergence of new infectious agents is a major continuing problem. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, unexpected illnesses and deaths have caused global societal and economic consequences. Infectious disease prevention and control have become more complex because of increased global connectivity and interdependence [2]. Through quantitative analysis, information can be synthesized to develop a basis for decision-making [3]. Therefore, we have collected data on predominant contagious diseases worldwide and summarized their epidemiology herein (Fig 1).

            FIGURE 1 |

            Global distribution of infectious diseases in September 2022. Partial data on infectious diseases in the past week worldwide were collected by using Shusi Tech’s Global Epidemic Information Monitoring System.

            COVID-19

            Globally, 127 countries or regions have confirmed more than 100,000 COVID-19 cases, for a total of 612,920,987 cases representing 99.7% of all cases. The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths has decreased worldwide since August (Fig 2). In China, Hainan Province, Chongqing Municipality and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, there were significantly fewer confirmed cases in September than in August. In contrast, Sichuan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Tibet Autonomous Regions reported the most new cases in September.

            FIGURE 2 |

            Daily statistics of new confirmed cases worldwide. A-B: New daily confirmed cases and deaths in September worldwide (distribution map of each continent). C-D: New daily confirmed cases and deaths worldwide (August 24, 2022–September 23, 2022; data obtained from the World Health Organization website: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 as of September 23, 2022). E: New weekly confirmed cases in some provinces in China (August 24, 2022–September 23, 2022; data obtained from the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China website: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/ as of September 23, 2022).

            Monkeypox

            Although the rapid spread of monkeypox virus has raised international concerns regarding the potential beginning of a new epidemic, the outbreak remains ongoing. As of September 2022, new outbreaks of monkeypox have been reported in several Asian countries. Europe and America also saw a rapid increase in confirmed cases last month (Table 1). Moreover, the lack of vaccines may make new outbreaks difficult to control.

            TABLE 1 |

            Monkeypox reports worldwide between 2022/05/18 and 2022/09/20.

            Occurrence time (Year 2022)LocationCases newly on the latest dateCumulative cases of the yearData source
            05/18-09/19America23893ProMED-mail
            05/19-09/07Canada1317
            05/19-09/19Spain7037
            05/20-09/15France3898
            05/20-09/20Germany3570
            05/24-08/28Ghana373
            05/27-09/07Netherlands1195
            06/05-08/29Singapore96Singapore Environment Agency
            06/05-09/16UK3439ProMED-mail
            06/08-09/18Brazil6869
            06/23-09/05Colombia938
            06/26-09/07Peru1760
            08/22-08/28Nigeria100704
            08/28Thailand17CCTV News
            09/06Hong Kong, China11Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong, China
            09/15Japan1CCTV News
            09/16China11
            Dengue

            As shown in Table 2, the number of reported cases has decreased since August, except in some tropical countries. In 2022, dengue fever outbreaks have been reported in several countries including the Philippines, Malaysia, and Singapore. Singapore has reported more than 20,000 cases of dengue fever, a number already far exceeding those reported in all of 2021.

            TABLE 2 |

            Dengue virus reports worldwide between 2022/08/01 and 2022/09/19.

            Occurrence time (Year 2022)LocationCases newly on the latest dateCumulative cases of the yearData source
            08/01-08/27Bangladesh2656Global Incident Map
            08/14-09/03Nicaragua1007347442WHO Regional Office for the Americas
            08/20-09/09Sri Lanka246845895Sri Lanka Ministry of Health
            08/21-08/27Philippine3512145341Philippine Department of Health
            08/21-09/03Mexico36173957WHO Regional Office for the Americas
            08/21-09/03Colombia262826925
            08/21-09/03Vietnam18077190005Outbreak News Today
            08/21-09/17Singapore237427283Singapore Environment Agency
            08/28-09/03Panama4686631WHO Regional Office for the Americas
            08/29-09/03Malaysia1247Ministry of Health Malaysia
            07/31-08/06Philippine3417118526Philippine Department of Health
            09/08Malaysia177Ministry of Health Malaysia
            09/09France516CCTV News
            09/13Malaysia173Ministry of Health Malaysia
            09/15Bangladesh395Global Incident Map
            09/19438
            09/19Pakistan67311369CCTV News
            09/19Malaysia22239993Ministry of Health Malaysia
            Measles

            Measles is highly contagious and spreads through the air. People with weakened immune systems or those who have not been vaccinated against measles are at risk of infection. Since 2022, several countries have experienced measles outbreaks. Thousands of cases have been confirmed in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, India, and other countries. A global report on measles outbreaks is provided below (Table 3).

            TABLE 3 |

            Measles virus reports worldwide between 2022/01/01 and 2022/09/10.

            Occurrence time (Year 2022)LocationCases newly on the latest dateCumulative cases of the yearData source
            01/01-08/28Democratic Republic of Congo100044WHO Regional Office for Africa
            01/01-09/06Liberia5925WHO
            01/01-09/06Nigeria25408
            01/01-09/06Bangladesh3877
            01/01-09/06Indonesia6608
            01/01-09/06India41927
            04/10-09/06Zimbabwe6551Outbreak News Today
            07/01-07/31Thailand47Thailand Ministry of Health
            08/22-09/04Somalia48613436WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
            08/28-09/10Afghanistan108867855
            TABLE 4 |

            Poliomyelitis reports worldwide between 2022/08/24 and 2022/09/15.

            Occurrence time (Year 2022)LocationCases newly on the latest dateCumulative cases of the yearData source
            08/24-08/30Benin2Global Polio Website
            08/24-08/30Chad4
            08/24-09/13Yemen36
            08/24-09/13Democratic Republic of Congo38
            08/29Pakistan1Outbreak News Today
            08/312
            08/31-09/06Ghana1Global Polio Website
            08/31-09/06Mozambique2
            09/07-09/13America1
            09/12Pakistan1Outbreak News Today
            09/15119
            Poliomyelitis

            The international community has recently become concerned regarding an outbreak of poliomyelitis worldwide. Nineteen cases, including two deaths, of wild poliovirus type I were reported in Pakistan between January 1 and September 15, 2022. Last month’s report on the global polio epidemic is provided below.

            Cholera

            The Syrian Ministry of Health has reported that more than 70% of cholera cases are concentrated in Aleppo, and the rest are distributed in Hasakah, Deir ez-Zor, and Latakia. From August 28 to September 10, Afghanistan reported more than 15,000 new confirmed cases, according to the WHO Regional Office for Africa. Last month’s cholera report is provided below (Table 5).

            TABLE 5 |

            Cholera reports worldwide from 2022/03/03 to 2022/09/20.

            Occurrence time (Year 2022)LocationCases newly on the latest dateCumulative cases of the yearData source
            03/03-09/11Malawi2479WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
            07/24-08/27Philippine413318Philippine Department of Health
            08/04-08/30Nepal142United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
            08/22-09/04Somalia4309677WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
            08/25-09/20Syria253ProMED-mail
            08/28-09/10Afghanistan17908WHO Regional Office for Africa
            08/28Singapore41Singapore Environment Agency
            08/29-09/04South Sudan4United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
            09/01-09/04Niger14WHO Regional Office for Africa
            Other infectious diseases

            Influenza, Lassa fever, viral hepatitis, yellow fever, and Chikungunya virus reports globally in the past month have indicated sporadic transmission in some continents or countries, as shown in the tables below (Table 6).

            TABLE 6 |

            Other infectious disease reports worldwide.

            Occurrence time (Year 2022)LocationCases newly on the latest dateCumulative cases of the yearData source
            Influenza
             09/17-08/25Kenya175WHO Regional Office for Africa
             07/24-08/27Canada124Public Health Canada
             08/15-09/11Australia3147223678Australian Department of Health
             08/21-09/10America735135450US CDC
            Lassa fever
             08/22-09/11Nigeria2686660Nigeria CDC
            Virus Hepatitis
             08/01-08/31Thailand4453169Ministry of Health of Thailand
             08/28-09/10Taiwan, China25313Taiwan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
            Yellow fever
             01/12-08/25Kenya123WHO Regional Office for Africa
             08/13-08/26Côte d’Ivoire86
            Chikungunya Virus
             01/01-09/10Peru246WHO Regional Office for the Americas
             01/01-09/10Paraguay563Paraguay Ministry of Health
             01/01-08/27Malaysia591Ministry of Health Malaysia
            Malaria Virus
             01/01-09/09Panama4076Outbreak News Today
             01/03-08/28Borno State, Nigeria575685United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
            Zika Virus
             01/01-08/27Colombia124WHO Regional Office for the Americas
            Encephalitis B Virus
             07/01-08/24India390ProMED-mail

            CONCLUSION

            Currently, COVID-19 remains a global pandemic [4]. Clinical studies have shown that vaccination against COVID-19 can still significantly decrease severe cases and death rates, and protect people’s health [5,6]. In Shenzhen, China, on August 23, the BF.15 variant (a subclade of BA.5.2.1) was discovered. China’s epidemic prevention and control measures will face tremendous pressure, high risk, and severe conditions in the future.

            The number of confirmed monkeypox cases increased by 91%, and the number of deaths increased by 64% in less than a month, with a 0.03% overall morbidity rate. Although monkeypox cases have declined from their peak in August, close attention should still be paid to the virus’s global spread [7]. Furthermore, because the weather in tropical countries is suitable for mosquitoes and other insects to live and breed, mosquito-borne infectious diseases (Dengue, Chikungunya, epidemic encephalitis B, Zika virus, malaria and Leishmania sp.) and insect-borne infectious diseases (Crimea-Congo hemorrhagic fever and yellow fever) continue to be prevalent mainly in tropical countries. An unprecedented level of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus was detected in wild birds in EU countries between June and August 2022, according to CCTV News. Five times as many infections on poultry farms occurred from June to September of this year compared with 2021. Monitoring of their incidence and epidemic trends should be continued.

            CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

            The authors have no conflicts of interest associated with the material presented herein.

            REFERENCES

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            2. Kamran A, Salman M, Siddiqui R, Shabbir NZ, Rohail S, Sukaina M. Detection of vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 amid the burden of infectious diseases in the UK: a cause for alarm. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2022. Vol. 82:104773

            3. Heesterbeek H, Anderson RM, Andreasen V, Bansal S, De Angelis D, Dye C, et al.. Modeling infectious disease dynamics in the complex landscape of global health. Science. 2015. Vol. 347(6227):aaa4339

            4. Gerritse M. COVID-19 transmission in cities [published online ahead of print, 2022 Sep 29]. Eur Econ Rev. 2022. 104283

            5. Leite DRB, Mantovani KM, Cordeiro SP, Maia FB, Betim FCM, de Bona Sartor E, et al.. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) natural antiviral inhibitors: a review [published online ahead of print, 2022 Sep 29]. Med Chem Res. 2022. 1–14

            6. Ranzani OT, Hitchings MDT, de Melo RL, de França GVA, Fernandes CFR, Lind ML, et al.. Effectiveness of an inactivated Covid-19 vaccine with homologous and heterologous boosters against Omicron in Brazil. Nat Commun. 2022. Vol. 13(1):5536

            7. Obeid MA, Amawi H, Alshehri A, Adesokan A. Monkeypox: emerging virus of concern; antivirals and vaccines therapeutic options [published online ahead of print, 2022 Sep 28]. Microb Pathog. 2022. 105799

            Author and article information

            Journal
            Zoonoses
            Zoonoses
            Zoonoses
            Compuscript (Shannon, Ireland )
            2737-7466
            2737-7474
            15 November 2022
            : 2
            : 1
            : e965
            Affiliations
            [1 ]Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
            [2 ]Shenzhen Datathinking Corporation, Shenzhen, China
            [3 ]School of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
            Author notes
            *Corresponding authors: E-mail: ericheshi@ 123456163.com , Tel: +86-13538047813 (SH), E-mail: 1135529689@ 123456qq.com (QS), E-mail: wanhood@ 123456163.com and Tel: +86-13602601597 (DG)

            #Guodan Li and Dongliang Liu contributed equally to this work.

            Article
            10.15212/ZOONOSES-2022-1002
            7d6af144-4297-4fa4-8c97-35c49c440b97
            Copyright © 2022 The Authors.

            This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

            History
            : 21 October 2022
            : 24 October 2022
            : 24 October 2022
            Page count
            Figures: 2, Tables: 6, References: 7, Pages: 8
            Funding
            Funded by: National Key Research and Development Program of China
            Award ID: 2022YFC2302700
            Funded by: Guangdong Science and Technology Foundation
            Award ID: 2021A1515220084
            Funded by: Guangdong Science and Technology Foundation
            Award ID: 2020B1111160001
            Funded by: Shenzhen Science and Technology Foundation
            Award ID: ZDSYS20210623092001003
            Funded by: Shenzhen Science and Technology Foundation
            Award ID: GJHZ20200731095604013
            Funded by: Shenzhen Science and Technology Foundation
            Award ID: JSGG20220301090003004
            Funded by: Shenzhen Science and Technology Foundation
            Award ID: 201906133000069
            Funded by: Shenzhen Science and Technology Foundation
            Award ID: SGLH20180625171602058
            Shiping He, Dayong Gu, and Qun Su conceived and designed the project. Guodan Li and Dong-liang Liu collected data and wrote the manuscript. Wenjin Yu, Jiazhen Zou and Qi Xiang produced the figures. Shiping He revised the manuscript. Dayong Gu supervised the study. This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China [No. 2022YFC2302700]; Guangdong Science and Technology Foundation [No. 2021A1515220084, No. 2020B1111160001]; Shenzhen Science and Technology Foundation [ZDSYS20210623092001003, GJHZ20200731095604013, JSGG20220301090003004, No. 201906133000069, No. SGLH20180625171602058].
            Categories
            Short Communication

            Parasitology,Animal science & Zoology,Molecular biology,Public health,Microbiology & Virology,Infectious disease & Microbiology
            transmission,infectious disease,COVID-19

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