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      Validación del modelo REI para medir la clase social en población adulta Translated title: Validation of the ICE Model to Assess Social Class in the Adult Population

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          Abstract

          Fundamento: La clase social generalmente se mide de manera categórica y basada en la ocupación laboral, lo cual tiene múltiples limitaciones. El objetivo de este trabajo es elaborar un indicador cuantitativo de clase social, fácilmente estandarizable, validarlo en población adulta y comprobar su aptitud para medir el impacto de la clase social como determinante de salud. Métodos: estudio transversal de 6.729 individuos para medir la clase social con las variables: Renta familiar per cápita, Índice de hacinamiento, Estudios realizados, Ocupación laboral y Situación laboral. Se crearon dos modelos y mediante curvas COR se seleccionó el mejor para validarlo analizando su capacidad de estimar los riesgos relativos de: residir en barrio pobre o rico, mantener un patrón dietético típico de clases sociales pobres y presentar problemas de salud actualmente asociados a la pobreza. Resultados: el modelo sólo incluyó las variables Renta, Estudios e Índice de hacinamiento (REI), produjo un indicador con rango de valores entre 4 y 21 y mostró correlación inversa con la edad (r= -0,28; p <0,001), con el consumo de papas (r= -0,17; p<0,001) y con el consumo de legumbres (r= -0,03; p=0,01), además de correlación directa con el consumo de ensalada (r = 0,10; p<0,001); su sensibilidad para detectar la residencia en barrio pobre alcanzó el 97% para valores menores a 10. REI estimó que las clases sociales pobres presentan riesgos significativos de situación laboral de desempleo (OR=5,4), ocupación laboral de baja cualificación (OR=40,9), habitar en barrios pobres (OR =30,2), bajo consumo de ensaladas (OR = 2,2), gran consumo de papas (OR = 4,5) y alto consumo de legumbres (OR = 1,6). En ambos sexos las clases pobres presentaron mayor riesgo de problemas de salud, con mayor fuerza en las mujeres: sedentarismo (OR = 1,8), obesidad (OR = 4,4), obesidad abdominal (OR = 5,4), síndrome metabólico (OR = 3,4) y diabetes mellitus (OR = 2,0). Conclusiones: REI es un indicador válido, no basado en la ocupación ni en la situación laboral, fácilmente estandarizable, apto para medir cuantitativamente la clase social en estudios que precisen analizar el impacto de la misma como determinante de salud.

          Translated abstract

          Background: Social class has commonly been defined by the type of employment and it is assessed as a categorical variable. However, this approach has a number of drawbacks. The objective of this article is to develop and validate a readily standardizable quantitative indicator of social class and to show its ability to measure the impact of social class as a health determinant. Methods: In 6729 individuals we measured income, crowding index, education, occupation and employment status. Two models were adjusted to study the neighborhood, dietary pattern and health problems. Results: The model that included only income, crowding index and education (ICE) yielded an indicator that correlated with age (r = -0.28; p <0.001) and consumption of potatoes (r = -0.17; p <0.001) and salads (r = 0.10; p <0.001). This indicator estimated that poor social classes were at significant risk for unemployment (OR=5,), blue collar jobs (OR=40,9), residing in poor neighborhoods (OR = 30.2), low salad consumption (OR = 2.2) and high consumption of potatoes (OR = 4.5). They also had, especially in women, a higher risk of sedentarism (OR = 1.8), obesity (OR = 4.4), metabolic syndrome (OR = 3.4) and diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.0). Conclusions: The ICE index was valid, not based on occupation or employment status, readily standardizable, and suitable for measuring social class and its impact of on health.

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          Most cited references36

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          Socioeconomic status and obesity in adult populations of developing countries: a review

          A landmark review of studies published prior to 1989 on socioeconomic status (SES) and obesity supported the view that obesity in the developing world would be essentially a disease of the socioeconomic elite. The present review, on studies conducted in adult populations from developing countries, published between 1989 and 2003, shows a different scenario for the relationship between SES and obesity. Although more studies are necessary to clarify the exact nature of this relationship, particularly among men, three main conclusions emerge from the studies reviewed: 1. Obesity in the developing world can no longer be considered solely a disease of groups with higher SES. 2. The burden of obesity in each developing country tends to shift towards the groups with lower SES as the country's gross national product (GNP) increases. 3. The shift of obesity towards women with low SES apparently occurs at an earlier stage of economic development than it does for men. The crossover to higher rates of obesity among women of low SES is found at a GNP per capita of about US$ 2500, the mid-point value for lower-middle-income economies. The results of this review reinforce the urgent need to: include obesity prevention as a relevant topic on the public health agenda in developing countries; improve the access of all social classes in these countries to reliable information on the determinants and consequences of obesity; and design and implement consistent public actions on the physical, economic, and sociocultural environment that make healthier choices concerning diet and physical activity feasible for all. A significant step in this direction was taken with the approval of the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health by the World Health Assembly in May 2004.
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            Diet and socioeconomic position: does the use of different indicators matter?

            To describe the association of diet and socioeconomic position and to assess whether two different indicators, education and occupation, independently contribute in determining diet. A community-based random sample of men and women residents of Geneva canton, aged 35 to 74, participated in a survey of cardiovascular risk factors conducted annually since 1993. Lifetime occupational and educational history and a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire were obtained from 2929 men and 2767 women. Subjects from lower education and/or occupation consumed less fish and vegetables but more fried foods, pasta and potatoes, table sugar and beer. Iron, calcium, vitamin A and vitamin D intake were lower in the lower educational and occupational groups. Both indicators significantly contributed to determining a less healthy dietary pattern for those from low social class. The effects of education and occupation on dietary habits were usually additive and synergistic for some food groups. Assessing both education and occupation, improves the description of social class inequalities in dietary habits, as they act, most of the time, as independent factors.
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              Skin color, social classification, and blood pressure in southeastern Puerto Rico.

              We tested competing hypotheses for the skin color-blood pressure relationship by analyzing the association between blood pressure and 2 skin color variables: skin pigmentation and social classification. We measured skin pigmentation by reflectance spectrophotometry and social classification by linking respondents to ethnographic data on the cultural model of "color" in southeastern Puerto Rico. We used multiple regression analysis to test the associations between these variables and blood pressure in a community-based sample of Puerto Rican adults aged 25-55 years (n=100). Regression models included age, gender, body mass index (BMI), self-reported use of antihypertensive medication, and socioeconomic status (SES). Social classification, but not skin pigmentation, is associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure through a statistical interaction with SES, independent of age, gender, BMI, self-reported use of antihypertensive medication, and skin reflectance. Our findings suggest that sociocultural processes mediate the relationship between skin color and blood pressure. They also help to clarify the meaning and measurement of skin color and "race" as social variables in health research.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                resp
                Revista Española de Salud Pública
                Rev. Esp. Salud Publica
                Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar social (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1135-5727
                2173-9110
                April 2009
                : 83
                : 2
                : 231-242
                Affiliations
                [01] Santa Cruz de Tenerife orgnameHospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria orgdiv1Unidad de Investigación
                [02] orgnameUniversidad de La Laguna orgdiv1Área de Medicina Preventiva
                [03] Gran Canaria orgnameHospital Doctor Negrín orgdiv1Servicio de Medicina Interna
                Article
                S1135-57272009000200007 S1135-5727(09)08300200007
                10.1590/S1135-57272009000200007
                7d6bf8a6-32d1-4acb-9bcd-47888443148c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

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                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 46, Pages: 12
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                SciELO Public Health

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                Clase social,Pobreza,Social class,Poverty
                Clase social, Pobreza, Social class, Poverty

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