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      Absorción sistémica de un jarabe de vancomicina oral para el tratamiento de la infección por Clostridium difficile Translated title: Systemic absorption of an oral vancomycin syrup for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN La infección por Clostridium difficile (ICD) ha aumentado su incidencia en los últimos años, convirtiéndose en una de las infecciones más comunes adquiridas en el ámbito hospitalario, causando una diarrea infecciosa que está fuertemente asociada al uso de antibióticos. En la actualidad, los antibióticos para su tratamiento son la vancomicina oral y fidaxomicina, siendo la vancomicina oral la más coste-efectiva para el Sistema Nacional de Salud. Se describe el caso de una paciente pluripatológica sometida a dos sesiones de hemodiálisis semanales, que es diagnosticada de ICD evolucionada a colitis pseudomembranosa confirmada por endoscopía. Se inició tratamiento para la ICD con una fórmula magistral de vancomicina oral a una dosis de 250 mg cada 6 horas. La terapia con vancomicina oral no fue efectiva ni segura en la paciente, produciéndose una absorción sistémica significativa de vancomicina llegando a concentraciones plasmáticas de 15,57 mcg/mL. Fueron necesarios 8 días para completar la eliminación de la vancomicina, durante los cuales la paciente se sometió a 4 sesiones de hemodiálisis. El caso descrito pone de manifiesto la necesidad de monitorizar las concentraciones plasmáticas de vancomicina durante el tratamiento de ICD, especialmente en pacientes con elevadas dosis de fármaco, con insuficiencia renal y afectación de la integridad del tracto gastrointestinal.

          Translated abstract

          SUMMARY Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has increased its incidence in recent years, becoming one of the most common infections acquired in the hospital setting, causing an infectious diarrhea that is strongly associated with the use of antibiotics. Currently, the antibiotics used for this treatment are oral vancomycin and fidaxomycin, being oral vancomycin the most cost-effective for the National Health System. We describe the case of a pluripatological patient who underwent two weekly hemodialysis sessions, which is diagnosed as having developed CDI to pseudomembranous colitis confirmed by endoscopy. Treatment for CDI was initiated with a master formula of oral vancomycin at a dose of 250 mg every 6 hours. Oral vancomycin therapy was not effective and safe in the patient, resulting in significant systemic absorption of vancomycin reaching plasma vancomycin concentrations of 15.57 mcg/mL. It took 8 days to complete the elimination of vancomycin, during which the patient underwent 4 hemodialysis sessions. The described case highlights the need to monitor vancomycin plasma concentrations during the treatment of CDI, especially in patients with high doses of drug, with renal insufficiency and impairment of the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract.

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          Clinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and Children: 2017 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA)

          A panel of experts was convened by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) to update the 2010 clinical practice guideline on Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in adults. The update, which has incorporated recommendations for children (following the adult recommendations for epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment), includes significant changes in the management of this infection and reflects the evolving controversy over best methods for diagnosis. Clostridium difficile remains the most important cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea and has become the most commonly identified cause of healthcare-associated infection in adults in the United States. Moreover, C. difficile has established itself as an important community pathogen. Although the prevalence of the epidemic and virulent ribotype 027 strain has declined markedly along with overall CDI rates in parts of Europe, it remains one of the most commonly identified strains in the United States where it causes a sizable minority of CDIs, especially healthcare-associated CDIs. This guideline updates recommendations regarding epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, infection prevention, and environmental management.
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            Clostridium difficile infection: review

            Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacillus, which is widely distributed in the intestinal tract of humans and animals and in the environment. In the last decade, the frequency and severity of C. difficile infection has been increasing worldwide to become one of the most common hospital-acquired infections. Transmission of this pathogen occurs by the fecal-oral route and the most important risk factors include antibiotic therapy, old age, and hospital or nursing home stay. The clinical picture is diverse and ranges from asymptomatic carrier status, through various degrees of diarrhea, to the most severe, life threatening colitis resulting with death. Diagnosis is based on direct detection of C. difficile toxins in feces, most commonly with the use of EIA assay, but no single test is suitable as a stand-alone test confirming CDI. Antibiotics of choice are vancomycin, fidaxomicin, and metronidazole, though metronidazole is considered as inferior. The goal of this review is to update physicians on current scientific knowledge of C. difficile infection, focusing also on fecal microbiota transplantation which is a promising therapy.
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              Update of treatment algorithms for Clostridium difficile infection

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ofil
                Revista de la OFIL
                Rev. OFIL·ILAPHAR
                Organización de Farmacéuticos Ibero-Latinoamericanos (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1131-9429
                1699-714X
                2021
                : 31
                : 1
                : 109-111
                Affiliations
                [1] España orgnameHospital General Universitario de Castellón orgdiv1Servicio de Farmacia
                Article
                S1699-714X2021000100019 S1699-714X(21)03100100019
                10.4321/s1699-714x20210001000019
                7d7c00e0-7079-4543-81cc-88a32df8ea1f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 November 2019
                : 10 December 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 6, Pages: 3
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Casos Clínicos

                Vancomicina oral,absorción sistémica,Clostridium difficile,Oral vancomycin,systemic absorption

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