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      Characterization of a Crabs Claw Gene in Basal Eudicot Species Epimedium sagittatum (Berberidaceae)

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          Abstract

          The Crabs Claw (CRC) YABBY gene is required for regulating carpel development in angiosperms and has played an important role in nectary evolution during core eudicot speciation. The function or expression of CRC -like genes has been explored in two basal eudicots, Eschscholzia californica and Aquilegia formosa. To further investigate the function of CRC orthologous genes related to evolution of carpel and nectary development in basal eudicots, a CRC ortholog, EsCRC , was isolated and characterized from Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb. and Zucc.) Maxim. A phylogenetic analysis of EsCRC and previously identified CRC -like genes placed EsCRC within the basal eudicot lineage. Gene expression results suggest that EsCRC is involved in the development of sepals and carpels, but not nectaries. Phenotypic complementation of the Arabidopsis mutant crc-1 was achieved by constitutive expression of EsCRC. In addition, over-expression of EsCRC in Arabidopsis and tobacco gave rise to abaxially curled leaves. Transgenic results together with the gene expression analysis suggest that EsCRC may maintain a conserved function in carpel development and also play a novel role related to sepal formation. Absence of EsCRC and ElCRC expression in nectaries further indicates that nectary development in non-core eudicots is unrelated to expression of CRC-like genes.

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          Members of the YABBY gene family specify abaxial cell fate in Arabidopsis.

          Y Eshed, K Siegfried, G Drews … (1999)
          Lateral organs produced by shoot apical and flower meristems exhibit a fundamental abaxial-adaxial asymmetry. We describe three members of the YABBY gene family, FILAMENTOUS FLOWER, YABBY2 and YABBY3, isolated on the basis of homology to CRABS CLAW. Each of these genes is expressed in a polar manner in all lateral organ primordia produced from the apical and flower meristems. The expression of these genes is precisely correlated with abaxial cell fate in mutants in which abaxial cell fates are found ectopically, reduced or eliminated. Ectopic expression of either FILAMENTOUS FLOWER or YABBY3 is sufficient to specify the development of ectopic abaxial tissues in lateral organs. Conversely, loss of polar expression of these two genes results in a loss of polar differentiation of tissues in lateral organs. Taken together, these observations indicate that members of this gene family are responsible for the specification of abaxial cell fate in lateral organs of Arabidopsis. Furthermore, ectopic expression studies suggest that ubiquitous abaxial cell fate and maintenance of a functional apical meristem are incompatible.
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            The YABBY gene DROOPING LEAF regulates carpel specification and midrib development in Oryza sativa.

            Takahiro Yamaguchi, Nobuhiro Nagasawa, Shinji Kawasaki … (2004)
            In this article, we report that carpel specification in the Oryza sativa (rice) flower is regulated by the floral homeotic gene DROOPING LEAF (DL) that is distinct from the well-known ABC genes. Severe loss-of-function mutations of DL cause complete homeotic transformation of carpels into stamens. Molecular cloning reveals that DL is a member of the YABBY gene family and is closely related to the CRABS CLAW (CRC) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana. DL is expressed in the presumptive region (carpel anlagen), where carpel primordia would initiate, and in carpel primordia. These results suggest that carpel specification is regulated by DL in rice flower development. Whereas CRC plays only a partial role in carpel identity, DL may have been recruited to have the more essential function of specifying carpels during the evolution of rice. We also show that DL interacts antagonistically with class B genes and controls floral meristem determinacy. In addition, severe and weak dl alleles fail to form a midrib in the leaf. The phenotypic analysis of dl mutants, together with analyses of the spatial expression patterns and ectopic expression of DL, demonstrate that DL regulates midrib formation by promoting cell proliferation in the central region of the rice leaf.
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              The YABBY gene family and abaxial cell fate.

              John L. Bowman (2000)
              The establishment of abaxial-adaxial polarity in lateral organs involves factors intrinsic to the primordia and interactions with the apical meristem from which they are derived. Recently, a small plant-specific family of genes, the YABBY gene family, has been proposed to specify abaxial cell fate. Each asymmetric above-ground lateral organ expresses at least one member of the family in a polar manner, and loss- and gain-of-function studies indicate that they are sufficient to specify abaxial cell fate and that they act in both distinct and redundant manners.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date Collection: January 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 08 January 2013
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 1119-1131
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China; E-Mail: djsunwei@ 123456gmail.com
                [2 ]University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
                [3 ]Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; E-Mails: hzauhwj@ 123456gmail.com (W.H.); z.li@ 123456vu.nl (Z.L.); hyl@ 123456wbgcas.cn (H.L.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: huanghw@ 123456mail.scbg.ac.cn (H.H.); yingwang@ 123456wbgcas.cn (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-20-3725-2778 (H.H.); +86-27-8751-0675 (Y.W.); Fax: +86-20-3725-2778 (H.H.); Fax: +86-27-8751-0331 (Y.W.).
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-14-01119
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms14011119
                PMC ID: 3565311
                PubMed ID: 23299438
                SO-VID: 7d8d3d08-84a6-43aa-a12c-41bb16347ece
                Copyright © © 2013 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 28 September 2012
                Date revision received : 13 December 2012
                Date accepted : 28 December 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: basal eudicots,crc,evo-devo,nectary development,yabby
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: basal eudicots, crc, evo-devo, nectary development, yabby

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