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      La pobreza como determinante de la calidad alimentaria en Argentina. Resultados del Estudio Argentino de Nutrición y Salud (EANS) Translated title: Poverty as a determinant of food quality in Argentina. Results of the Argentine Study of Nutrition and Health (EANS)

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: las diferencias socioeconómicas acarrean desigualdades alimentarias y nutricionales. La dieta es un factor de riesgo modificable con acciones de salud pública, camino a la prevención de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Objetivo: estimar las desigualdades alimentarias en Argentina en función del nivel socioeconómico de la población, analizando el consumo de distintos grupos de alimentos. Métodos: datos argentinos del Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud. Muestra: 1266 individuos estratificados por género, nivel socioeconómico y región geográfica. Ingesta: 2 recordatorios de 24 horas con técnica de pasos múltiples. Análisis: con el NDS Software se analizaron los valores medios de consumo de 11 grupos de alimentos por nivel socioeconómico y región del país. Resultados: la población con menor nivel socioeconómico consume significativamente menos frutas, verduras y lácteos que la población de nivel medio y alto. Frutas: 59 vs. 79,1 y 106,3 g/d, respectivamente; p = 0,000. Verduras: 82,3 vs. 112 y 118 g/d; p = 0,000. Lácteos: 114 vs. 165 y 137 g/d; p = 0,000). Por el contrario, consume un mayor volumen de refrescos y jugos industriales (680 ml/d vs. 527 y 590 ml/d, respectivamente; p = 0,000), infusiones con azúcar agregada (568 ml/d vs. 385 y 309 ml/d; p = 0,000), pan (85 g/d vs. 75,5 y 66,7 g/d; p = 0,012) y bollería (159 g/d vs. 147 y 122 g/d; p = 0,008). Conclusiones: la vulnerabilidad social es un determinante importante de la calidad de la dieta. Intervenciones diseñadas para reducir las desigualdades sociales vinculadas a la nutrición y la salud resultan imprescindibles.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: socio-economic differences lead to food and nutritional inequalities. Diet is a modifiable risk factor by public health activities, on the way to the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases. Objective: to estimate food inequalities in Argentina based on the socioeconomic level of the population, analyzing the consumption of different food groups. Methods: Argentine data from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health. Sample: 1,266 individuals stratified by gender, socioeconomic level and geographic region. Intake: 2 24-hour reminders with the multi-step technique. Analysis: with the NDS Software average consumption values of 11 food groups were analyzed by socioeconomic level and country region. Results: the population with lower socioeconomic status consumes significantly less fruits, vegetables and dairy products than the population with medium to high socioeconomic level. Fruits: 59 vs. 79.1 and 106.3 g/d, respectively; p = 0.000. Vegetables: 82.3 g/d vs. 112 and 118 g/d; p = 0.000. Dairy products: 114 g/d vs. 165 and 137 g/d; p = 0.000). On the contrary, it consumes a greater volume of soft drinks and industrial juices (680 mL/d vs. 527 and 590 mL/d, respectively; p = 0.000), infusions with added sugar (568 mL/d vs. 385 and 309 mL/d; p = 0.000), bread (85 g/d vs. 75.5 and 66.7 g/d; p = 0.012) and pastries (159 g/d vs. 147 and 122 g/d; p = 0.008). Conclusions: Social vulnerability is an important determinant for diet quality. Interventions designed to reduce social inequalities as linked to nutrition and health are essential.

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          The economics of obesity: dietary energy density and energy cost.

          Highest rates of obesity and diabetes in the United States are found among the lower-income groups. The observed links between obesity and socioeconomic position may be related to dietary energy density and energy cost. Refined grains, added sugars, and added fats are among the lowest-cost sources of dietary energy. They are inexpensive, good tasting, and convenient. In contrast, the more nutrient-dense lean meats, fish, fresh vegetables, and fruit generally cost more. An inverse relationship between energy density of foods (kilojoules per gram) and their energy cost (dollars per megajoule) means that the more energy-dense diets are associated with lower daily food consumption costs and may be an effective way to save money. However, economic decisions affecting food choice may have physiologic consequences. Laboratory studies suggest that energy-dense foods and energy-dense diets have a lower satiating power and may result in passive overeating and therefore weight gain. Epidemiologic analyses suggest that the low-cost energy-dense diets also tend to be nutrient poor. If the rise in obesity rates is related to the growing price disparity between healthy and unhealthy foods, then the current strategies for obesity prevention may need to be revised. Encouraging low-income families to consume healthier but more costly foods to prevent future disease can be construed as an elitist approach to public health. Limiting access to inexpensive foods through taxes on frowned upon fats and sweets is a regressive measure. The broader problem may lie with growing disparities in incomes and wealth, declining value of the minimum wage, food imports, tariffs, and trade. Evidence is emerging that obesity in America is a largely economic issue.
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            Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS): rationale and study design

            Background Obesity is growing at an alarming rate in Latin America. Lifestyle behaviours such as physical activity and dietary intake have been largely associated with obesity in many countries; however studies that combine nutrition and physical activity assessment in representative samples of Latin American countries are lacking. The aim of this study is to present the design rationale of the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health/Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS) with a particular focus on its quality control procedures and recruitment processes. Methods/Design The ELANS is a multicenter cross-sectional nutrition and health surveillance study of a nationally representative sample of urban populations from eight Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Perú and Venezuela). A standard study protocol was designed to evaluate the nutritional intakes, physical activity levels, and anthropometric measurements of 9000 enrolled participants. The study was based on a complex, multistage sample design and the sample was stratified by gender, age (15 to 65 years old) and socioeconomic level. A small-scale pilot study was performed in each country to test the procedures and tools. Discussion This study will provide valuable information and a unique dataset regarding Latin America that will enable cross-country comparisons of nutritional statuses that focus on energy and macro- and micronutrient intakes, food patterns, and energy expenditure. Trial Registration Clinical Trials NCT02226627
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              Food consumption of adults in Germany: results of the German National Nutrition Survey II based on diet history interviews

              The second German National Nutrition Survey (NVS II) aimed to evaluate food consumption and other aspects of nutritional behaviour of a representative sample of the German population, using a modular design with three different dietary assessment methods. To assess usual food consumption, 15 371 German speaking subjects 14–80 years of age completed a diet history interview between November 2005 and November 2006. With reference to the guidelines of the German Nutrition Society (DGE), NVS II observed that the German population did not eat enough foods of plant origin, especially vegetables and consumed too much of meat and meat products. While generally similar food consumption is observed in other European countries, consumption of bread, fruit juices/nectars and beer is higher in Germany. On average, men consumed two times more meat and soft drinks as well as six times more beer than women did, whereas the consumption of vegetables, fruit as well as herbal/fruit tea was higher in women. Older participants showed a lower consumption of meat, fruit juice/nectars, soft drinks and spirits as well as a higher consumption of fish, vegetables, fruit, and herbal/fruit tea than adolescents and younger adults did. There are also differences in food consumption with regard to socio-economic status (SES). Persons with higher SES consumed more vegetables, fruit, fish, water, coffee/tea and wine, while persons with lower SES consumed more meat and meat products, soft drinks and beer. In general, the food consumption of women, the elderly and the higher SES group tends to be closer to the official dietary guidelines in Germany.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                February 2020
                : 37
                : 1
                : 114-122
                Affiliations
                [2] Buenos Aires orgnameInstituto Internacional de Ciencias de la Vida de Argentina orgdiv1Área de Nutrición, Salud y Calidad de Vida Argentina
                [4] São Paulo São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Paulo orgdiv1Escola Paulista de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Pediatría Brazil
                [1] Buenos Aires orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica Argentina orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Argentina
                [3] São Paulo orgnameFundação Jose Luiz Egydio Setubal orgdiv1Instituto Pensi orgdiv2Sabará Hospital Infantil Brasil
                Article
                S0212-16112020000100016 S0212-1611(20)03700100016
                10.20960/nh.02828
                31960690
                7dbc21a1-1721-4f0e-8e41-0116d21aa2d4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 October 2019
                : 12 August 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 37, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Trabajos Originales

                Nutrition surveys,ELANS,Encuestas nutricionales,Nivel socioeconómico,Argentina,Dieta,Socioeconomic status,Diet

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