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      Estudio preliminar sobre la evaluación del dolor mecánico a la presión y los mecanismos de modulación central del dolor mediante algometría en una unidad de anestesia Translated title: Preliminary study on the evaluation of mechanical pressure pain and central pain modulation mechanisms by algometry in an anesthesia unit

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: La algometría de presión es un método válido para evaluar el sistema sensorial de transmisión del dolor en seres humanos, mediante pruebas como la sumación temporal y la modulación condicionada del dolor. El objetivo de este trabajo fue la realización de una experiencia preliminar en el Servicio de Anestesiología de nuestro Hospital Universitario, utilizando la algometría de presión como test sensorial cuantitativo. Metodología: En una primera etapa, se realizó un estudio transversal de caso y control, sin aleatorización, donde se midió el umbral de dolor a la presión por algometría de presión a 58 pacientes que consultaron en la policlínica preoperatoria. Dieciocho tenían algún tipo de dolor crónico (grupo con dolor) y 40 no tenían dolor (grupo sin dolor). En una segunda etapa, se realizó un estudio observacional a 36 voluntarios sanos, residentes de anestesiología. En 16 se estudió la sumación temporal y en 20 la modulación condicionada del dolor, en ambos casos utilizando la algometría de presión. La aplicación de presión con manguito en el brazo se utilizó como estímulo heterotópico. Ambas pruebas fueron medidas a nivel del músculo trapecio derecho. Resultados: En el grupo con dolor el valor del umbral de dolor a la presión fue menor que en el grupo sin dolor en todos los puntos evaluados. El valor del umbral de dolor a la presión promedio de las cuatro regiones analizadas en el grupo con dolor, resultó ser menor que en el grupo sin dolor, 32,7 ± 10 Newtons versus 42 ± 11,7 Newtons (p = 0,004). El umbral de dolor a la presión promedio resultó más bajo en pacientes de sexo femenino que en los de sexo masculino, 36,6 ± 9 Newtons versus 48 ± 11 Newtons (p = 0,001). En los 20 voluntarios sanos en los que se realizó la prueba de modulación condicionada del dolor a nivel del trapecio, el umbral de dolor a la presión inicial fue de 63 ± 27 Newtons y el final fue de 72 ± 28 Newtons, con un aumento promedio de 9 Newtons (14,2 %). En los 16 en los que se realizó la prueba de sumación temporal se encontró que el nivel de dolor de la Escala Visual Numérica pasó de 4,1 ± 1,0 a 6,5 ± 1,5 entre el primer y décimo estímulo. Conclusiones: La aplicación de la algometría de presión en pacientes que consultaron en la policlínica preoperatoria mostró que los umbrales de dolor a la presión promedio fueron menores en pacientes de sexo femenino y con dolor crónico. En voluntarios sanos, la sumación temporal mostró un aumento en la intensidad del dolor, respuesta que podría extrapolarse a la expresión normal del fenómeno de "wind-up". En 80 % de los voluntarios sanos, la modulación condicionada del dolor resultó en un aumento del umbral de dolor a la presión con la aplicación de un estímulo doloroso heterotópico. La algometría de presión constituye un instrumento útil y práctico. La información obtenida con los test sensorial cuantitativos puede ser de gran utilidad en las Unidades de Dolor Agudo y Crónico.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Pressure algometry is a valid method to evaluate the sensory system of pain transmission in humans, using tests such as temporal summation and conditioned modulation of pain. The objective of this work was to carry out a preliminary experience in the Anesthesiology Service of our University Hospital, using pressure algometry as a quantitative sensory test. Methodology: In a first stage, a cross-sectional case-control study was carried out, without randomization, where the pressure pain threshold was measured by pressure algometry in 58 patients who consulted in the preoperative evaluation visit. Eighteen had some type of chronic pain (pain group) and 40 had no pain (pain-free group). In a second stage, an observational study was carried out on 36 healthy volunteers, anesthesiology residents. Temporal summation was studied in 16 and conditioned modulation of pain in 20, in both cases using pressure algometry. The application of cuff pressure to the arm was used as a heterotopic stimulus. Both tests were measured at the level of the right trapezius muscle. Results: In the group with pain, the pressure pain threshold value was lower than in the group without pain in all the points evaluated. The pain threshold value at the mean pressure of the four regions analyzed in the group with pain, turned out to be lower than in the group without pain, 32.7 ± 10 Newtons versus 42 ± 11.7 Newtons (p = 0.004). The mean pressure pain threshold was lower in female patients than in male patients, 36.6 ± 9 Newtons versus 48 ± 11 Newtons (p = 0.001). In the 20 healthy volunteers who underwent the conditioned modulation of pain test at the trapezius level, the pain threshold at the initial pressure was 63 ± 27 Newtons and the final pressure was 72 ± 28 Newtons, with an average increase of 9 Newtons (14.2 %). In the 16 in which the temporal summation test was carried out, it was found that the pain level of the numerical visual scale went from 4.1 ± 1.0 to 6.5 ± 1.5 between the first and tenth stimulus. Conclusions: The application of pressure algometry in patients who consulted in the preoperative polyclinic, showed that pain thresholds at mean pressure were lower in female patients with chronic pain. In healthy volunteers, temporal summation showed an increase in pain intensity as a normal expression of the "wind-up" phenomenon. In 80 % of healthy volunteers, conditioned pain modulation resulted in an increase in pressure pain threshold with the application of a heterotopic pain stimulus. Pressure algometry is a useful and practical instrument. The information obtained with the quantitative sensory tests can be very useful in the Acute and Chronic Pain Units.

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          Most cited references20

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          Fear and anxiety: divergent effects on human pain thresholds

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            Comorbidity of obesity and pain in a general population: results from the Southern Pain Prevalence Study.

            This cross-sectional study examines the relation between obesity and self-reported pain (moderate or severe pain occurring at least monthly) in a general population sample of adults in the southeastern United States (N = 3637). Results of the study suggest that obese adults (body mass index [BMI] >30) are more likely to experience pain than their normal-weight and underweight counterparts. Respondents classified as class I obese (BMI of 30 to 34.9) were 1.762 times as likely as the underweight and normal weight participants to report severe pain. Class II obese respondents (BMI of 35 to 39.9) were 1.888 times as likely to experience severe pain. Those respondents categorized as class III obese were most likely to report severe pain--2.297 times as likely as the underweight and normal-weight respondents. Analyses demonstrated a similar trend for respondents reporting moderate to severe pain. Adults who are obese are also more likely to report experiencing pain in multiple locations. This study complements clinical research that links pain and obesity and extends it into a general population. Because this is a cross-sectional study, further research is needed to discern causal explanations for the relation between self-reported pain and obesity. This article provides a population-level depiction of the positive relation between obesity and self-reported pain, which complements clinical research on the topic. It may prompt future research to shape interventions and treatment for both pain and obesity.
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              Quantitative sensory testing profiles in chronic back pain are distinct from those in fibromyalgia.

              Alterations in the central nervous system leading to higher pain sensitivity have been shown in both chronic back pain (CBP) and fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). The aim of this study was to disclose commonalities and differences in the pathophysiology of FMS and CBP. We used the quantitative sensory testing protocol of the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain to obtain comprehensive profiles of somatosensory functions. The protocol comprised thermal and mechanical detection and pain thresholds, vibration thresholds, and pain sensitivity to sharp and blunt mechanical stimuli. We studied 21 FMS patients (mean pain duration: 13.4 y), 23 CBP subjects (mean pain duration: 15.9 y), and 20 healthy controls (HCs). Each participant received the test battery on the back and on the dorsal hand (pain-free control site). On the back, FMS patients showed increased thermal and mechanical pain sensitivity compared with HCs and CBP participants. On the hand dorsum, FMS patients showed higher mechanical pain sensitivity compared with CBP participants and HCs and higher cold pain sensitivity compared with HCs. CBP participants showed increased pressure pain sensitivity and lower vibration sensitivity on the back, but no significant differences on the hand dorsum compared with HCs. FMS patients showed increased sensitivity for different pain modalities at all measured body areas, suggesting central disinhibition as a potential mechanism. CBP participants in contrast, showed localized alterations within the affected segment possibly due to peripheral sensitization.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                dolor
                Revista de la Sociedad Española del Dolor
                Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor
                Inspira Network Group, S.L (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1134-8046
                December 2021
                : 28
                : 6
                : 311-318
                Affiliations
                [1] Montevideo orgnameUniversidad de la República orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento y Cátedra de Anestesiología. Hospital de Clínicas Uruguay
                Article
                S1134-80462021000700311 S1134-8046(21)02800600311
                10.20986/resed.2022.3885/2021
                7de307be-238b-4c35-b058-4be980b8bf9f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 January 2022
                : 07 January 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 8
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
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                test sensorial cuantitativo,modulación condicionada del dolor,wind-up,sumación temporal,algometría de presión,conditioned modulation of pain,temporal summation,pressure algometry,Quantitative sensory test

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