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      The Relation Between Attachment and Depression in Children and Adolescents: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis

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          Abstract

          Insecure attachment to primary caregivers is associated with the development of depression symptoms in children and youth. This association has been shown by individual studies testing the relation between attachment and depression and by meta-analyses focusing on broad internalizing problems instead of depression or adult samples only. We therefore meta-analytically examined the associations between attachment security and depression in children and adolescents, using a multilevel approach. In total, 643 effect sizes were extracted from 123 independent samples. A significant moderate overall effect size was found ( r = .31), indicating that insecure attachment to primary caregivers is associated with depression. Multivariate analysis of the significant moderators that impacted on the strength of the association between attachment security and depression showed that country of the study, study design, gender, the type of attachment, and the type of instrument to assess attachment uniquely contributed to the explanation of variance. This study suggests that insecure attachment may be a predictor of the development of depression in children and adolescents. When treating depression in children, attachment should therefore be addressed.

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          The online version of this article (10.1007/s10567-019-00299-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Improved tests for a random effects meta-regression with a single covariate.

          The explanation of heterogeneity plays an important role in meta-analysis. The random effects meta-regression model allows the inclusion of trial-specific covariates which may explain a part of the heterogeneity. We examine the commonly used tests on the parameters in the random effects meta-regression with one covariate and propose some new test statistics based on an improved estimator of the variance of the parameter estimates. The approximation of the distribution of the newly proposed tests is based on some theoretical considerations. Moreover, the newly proposed tests can easily be extended to the case of more than one covariate. In a simulation study, we compare the tests with regard to their actual significance level and we consider the log relative risk as the parameter of interest. Our simulation study reflects the meta-analysis of the efficacy of a vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis originally discussed in Berkey et al. The simulation study shows that the newly proposed tests are superior to the commonly used test in holding the nominal significance level. Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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            A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys.

            Theory and research on sex differences in adjustment focus largely on parental, societal, and biological influences. However, it also is important to consider how peers contribute to girls' and boys' development. This article provides a critical review of sex differences in several peer relationship processes, including behavioral and social-cognitive styles, stress and coping, and relationship provisions. The authors present a speculative peer-socialization model based on this review in which the implications of these sex differences for girls' and boys' emotional and behavioral development are considered. Central to this model is the idea that sex-linked relationship processes have costs and benefits for girls' and boys' adjustment. Finally, the authors present recent research testing certain model components and propose approaches for testing understudied aspects of the model.
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              Identification of 15 genetic loci associated with risk of major depression in individuals of European descent

              Despite strong evidence supporting the heritability of Major Depressive Disorder, previous genome-wide studies were unable to identify risk loci among individuals of European descent. We used self-reported data from 75,607 individuals reporting clinical diagnosis of depression and 231,747 reporting no history of depression through 23andMe, and meta-analyzed these results with published MDD GWAS results. We identified five independent variants from four regions associated with self-report of clinical diagnosis or treatment for depression. Loci with pval<1.0×10−5 in the meta-analysis were further analyzed in a replication dataset (45,773 cases and 106,354 controls) from 23andMe. A total of 17 independent SNPs from 15 regions reached genome-wide significance after joint-analysis over all three datasets. Some of these loci were also implicated in GWAS of related psychiatric traits. These studies provide evidence for large-scale consumer genomic data as a powerful and efficient complement to traditional means of ascertainment for neuropsychiatric disease genomics.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                c.colonnesi@uva.nl
                Journal
                Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev
                Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev
                Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review
                Springer US (New York )
                1096-4037
                1573-2827
                7 August 2019
                7 August 2019
                2020
                : 23
                : 1
                : 54-69
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.7177.6, ISNI 0000000084992262, Research Institute of Child Development and Education, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, , University of Amsterdam, ; Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, PO box 15776, 1001 NG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                [2 ]Stichting Philadelphia Zorg, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
                [3 ]GRID grid.468622.c, ISNI 0000 0004 0501 8787, Kristal, Centrum voor Verstandelijke Beperking en Psychiatrie, GGZ Rivierduinen, ; Leiden, The Netherlands
                [4 ]GRID grid.419298.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0631 9143, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, ; Heemstede, The Netherlands
                [5 ]GRID grid.14095.39, ISNI 0000 0000 9116 4836, Clinical-Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, , Freie Universität Berlin, ; Berlin, Germany
                Article
                299
                10.1007/s10567-019-00299-9
                7000490
                31392452
                7dee2773-e118-42e4-8488-d4cd115d383c
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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                © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                attachment,depression,children,adolescents,multilevel meta-analysis

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