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      An Infrared Absorbance Sensor for the Detection of Melanoma in Skin Biopsies

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          Abstract

          An infrared (IR) absorbance sensor has been designed, realized and tested with the aim of detecting malignant melanomas in human skin biopsies. The sensor has been designed to obtain fast measurements (80 s) of a biopsy using a small light spot (0.5 mm in diameter, typically five to 10 times smaller than the biopsy size) to investigate different biopsy areas. The sensor has been equipped with a monochromator to record the whole IR spectrum in the 3330–3570 nm wavelength range (where methylene and methyl stretching vibrations occur) for a qualitative spectral investigation. From the collected spectra, the CH 2 stretch ratio values (ratio of the absorption intensities of the symmetric to asymmetric CH 2 stretching peaks) are determined and studied as a cancer indicator. Melanoma areas exhibit different spectral shapes and significantly higher CH 2 stretch ratios when compared to healthy skin. The results of the infrared investigation are compared with standard histology. This study shows that the IR sensor is a promising supportive tool to improve the diagnosis of melanoma during histopathological analysis, decreasing the risk of misdiagnosis.

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          Most cited references43

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          Skin melanocytes: biology and development

          In the human skin, melanocytes are present in the epidermis and hair follicles. The basic features of these cells are the ability to melanin production and the origin from neural crest cells. This last element is important because there are other cells able to produce melanin but of different embryonic origin (pigmented epithelium of retina, some neurons, adipocytes). The life cycle of melanocyte consists of several steps including differentiation of melanocyte lineage/s from neural crest, migration and proliferation of melanoblasts, differentiation of melanoblasts into melanocytes, proliferation and maturation of melanocytes at the target places (activity of melanogenic enzymes, melanosome formation and transport to keratinocytes) and eventual cell death (hair melanocytes). Melanocytes of the epidermis and hair are cells sharing some common features but in general they form biologically different populations living in unique niches of the skin.
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            Quantum cascade lasers in chemical physics

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              Epidemiology of invasive cutaneous melanoma

              Data are presented on the current incidence of melanoma with recent and predicted future trends illustrating a likely continuing increase in incidence. Risk factors for developing melanoma are discussed, including current known melanoma susceptibility genes. Phenotypic markers of high-risk subjects include high counts of benign melanocytic naevi. Other risk factors considered include exposure to natural and artificial ultraviolet radiation, the effect of female sex hormones, socioeconomic status, occupation, exposure to pesticides and ingestion of therapeutic drugs including immunosuppressives and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aids to earlier diagnosis are considered, including public education, screening and use of equipment such as the dermatoscope. Finally, the current pattern of survival and mortality is described.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Role: Academic Editor
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Sensors (Basel)
                Sensors (Basel)
                sensors
                Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                MDPI
                1424-8220
                10 October 2016
                October 2016
                : 16
                : 10
                : 1659
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute for Microsensors, Actuators and Systems (IMSAS), MCB, University of Bremen, Bremen D-28359, Germany; lbrandhoff@ 123456imsas.uni-bremen.de (L.B.); sdriesche@ 123456uni-bremen.de (S.v.d.D.); mvellekoop@ 123456imsas.uni-bremen.de (M.J.V.)
                [2 ]Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria; heimo.breiteneder@ 123456meduniwien.ac.at (H.B.); christine.hafner@ 123456meduniwien.ac.at (C.H.)
                [3 ]Department of Pathology, University Hospital St. Poelten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, St. Poelten A-3100, Austria; melitta.kitzwoegerer@ 123456stpoelten.lknoe.at
                [4 ]Department of Dermatology, University Hospital St. Poelten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, St. Poelten A-3100, Austria
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: vfioravanti@ 123456imsas.uni-bremen.de ; Tel.: +49-421-218-62654
                Article
                sensors-16-01659
                10.3390/s16101659
                5087447
                27735858
                7e3c750f-a5fb-449c-b291-13cc5e8a81cc
                © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 25 August 2016
                : 28 September 2016
                Categories
                Article

                Biomedical engineering
                infrared sensor,absorbance spectroscopy,skin biopsy,melanoma
                Biomedical engineering
                infrared sensor, absorbance spectroscopy, skin biopsy, melanoma

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