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      Chronic neck pain and anxiety-depression: prevalence and associated risk factors

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Chronic pain in rheumatology often has a psychic impact, which may aggravate the daily life of patients. Chronic neck pain, as an example, is a frequent reason for consultation. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with neck pain, and identify risk factors associated with their occurrence.

          Methods

          It was a cross-sectional study that concerned 80 patients with neck pain lasting for more than 3 months, seen in rheumatology consultations. All patients with symptomatic neck pain or psychological history or receiving psychotropic medication were excluded from the study. For each patient, we determined the sociodemographic characteristics and clinical ones. The anxious and depressed mood was assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD).

          Results

          Of the 80 patients, 67 (83.8%) were women. Average age of our population was 51.8± 11.8 years. Median duration of symptoms was 24 months [12, 48]. Mean VAS pain was 63.9% ± 12.5, mean VAS functional discomfort was 60.9% ± 14.2 and mean VAS disability was 59.8% ± 14.7. 32 patients (40%) were illiterate and 18 (22.5%) had university level. Anxiety was found in 54 (68.4%) and 44 (55.7%) patients were depressed. In univariate analysis, VAS disability was statistically linked to anxiety (OR:1.05; 95%CI: 1.01-1.08; p = 0.02). The cervicobrachial neuralgia (CBN) was significantly associated with depression (OR: 3.33; 95%CI: 1.20-9.23; p = 0.02). Primary education level had a statistically significant relationship with anxiety (OR: 6.00; 95%CI: 1.03-34.84; p = 0.04) and depression (OR: 5.00; 95%CI: 1.09-22.82; p = 0.03). In multivariate analysis, VAS disability and CBN were independently associated with anxiety and depression respectively.

          Conclusion

          This study underlines the fact that anxiety and depression are prevalent in chronic neck pain (CNP) patients. Furthermore, disability and CBN which are linked to CNP can predict which patient is at higher risk of psychological distress.

          Most cited references23

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          Comorbid chronic pain and depression: who is at risk?

          Lisa Renee Miller, Annmarie Cano (2009)
          The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and demographic risk factors of chronic pain and its comorbidity with depression. Computer-assisted telephone interviewing was utilized to obtain a representative community sample in the state of Michigan (n = 1,179). The prevalence of chronic pain due to any cause was 21.9%. Approximately 35% of participants with chronic pain also had comorbid depression (7.7% of the entire sample). Depression was not associated with pain types or sites. A multinomial-regression analysis revealed several demographic correlates of chronic pain and depression. Participants with chronic pain or comorbid pain and depression were more likely to be older, female, employed less than full-time, and have less education than persons without either condition. Logistic regression analyses showed that younger participants were more likely to have comorbid pain and depression than chronic pain only. A similar but marginally significant effect was found for African American participants. Compared to the depression-only group, those in the comorbid group were more likely to be women and middle-aged. These findings provide additional evidence on the prevalence of comorbid pain and depression in the community and suggest that certain demographic groups with chronic pain may especially benefit from depression screenings. This article reports on the prevalence of chronic pain and co-occurring depression in a representative community sample. The high prevalence rates of pain and comorbid depression point to the clinical importance of assessing depression in chronic pain samples.
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            An epidemiologic comparison of pain complaints.

            Felix Kruger, Thi Y L Le, M Planta … (1988)
            A survey concerning common pain conditions and psychological distress was carried out among a probability sample of the adult enrollees of a large health maintenance organization in Seattle. The prevalence of pain in the prior six months was 41% for back pain; 26% for headache; 17% for abdominal pain; 12% for chest pain; and 12% for facial pain. Headache, abdominal and facial pain were less prevalent among older persons and more prevalent among females. We examined the temporal dimensions of these pain conditions, as well as intensity, treatment seeking, and activity limitation. The pain conditions were typically long standing, recurrent, of mild to moderate intensity, and usually did not limit activities. However, depending on the pain condition, 9-40% reported one or more days in the prior six months when they were unable to carry out their usual activities due to the pain problem. On average, persons with a pain condition had higher levels of anxiety, depression, and non-pain somatic symptoms as measured by the scales of the Symptom Checklist (SCL); poorer self-rating of health status; and more family stress compared to persons without a pain condition. Of these alternative measures of distress, the SCL somatization scale had the strongest independent association with pain. The increments in measures of anxiety, depression, and family stress with the presence of pain were greatest among persons with higher levels of non-pain somatic symptoms.
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              The Saskatchewan Health and Back Pain Survey. The prevalence of neck pain and related disability in Saskatchewan adults.

              Michael Cassidy, William Carroll, P Côté (1998)
              Population-based, cross-sectional mailed survey. To determine the lifetime, period, and point prevalence of neck pain and its related disability among Saskatchewan adults and investigate the presence and strength of nonresponse bias. In Europe, the lifetime and point prevalence of neck pain is almost as high as the prevalence of low back pain. Similarly, chronic neck pain is highly prevalent and a common source of disability in the working-age population. However, no studies specifically have documented the prevalence of neck pain and its related disability in North America. The Saskatchewan Health and Back Pain Survey was mailed to 2184 randomly selected Saskatchewan adults aged 20-69 years. Fifty-five percent of the study population participated. The presence of nonresponse bias was investigated through logistic regression and wave analysis. The Chronic Pain Questionnaire was used to classify the severity of chronic neck pain. The age-standardized lifetime prevalence of neck pain is 66.7% (95% confidence interval, 63.8-69.5), and the point prevalence is 22.2% (95% confidence interval, 19.7-24.7). The age-standardized 6-month prevalence of low-intensity and low-disability neck pain is 39.7% (95% confidence interval, 36.7-42.7), whereas it is 10.1% (95% confidence interval, 8.2-11.9) for high-intensity and low-disability neck pain and 4.6% (95% confidence interval, 3.3-5.8) for significantly disabling neck pain. The prevalence of low-intensity and low-disability neck pain decreases with age. More women experience high-disability neck pain than men. Wave analysis suggests that the point prevalence and 6-month prevalence of high-intensity and low-disability neck pain are overestimated in this survey. This cross-sectional study shows that neck pain is highly prevalent in Saskatchewan and that it significantly disables 4.6% (95% confidence interval, 3.3-5.8) of the adult population.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Pan Afr Med J
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Pan Afr Med J
                Journal ID (publisher-id): PAMJ
                Title: The Pan African Medical Journal
                Publisher: The African Field Epidemiology Network
                ISSN (Electronic): 1937-8688
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 May 2016
                Publication date Collection: 2016
                Volume: 24
                Electronic Location Identifier: 89
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Rheumatology Departement, El Ayachi Hospital, Ibn Sina University hospital, Sale, Morocco
                [2 ]Laboratory of Biostatistics, Clinical and Epidemiological Research (LBRCE), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco
                [3 ]LIPROS-URAC30, Mohammed V Souissi University, Rabat, Morocco
                Author notes
                [& ]Corresponding author: Imane Elbinoune, Rheumatology Departement, El Ayachi Hospital, Ibn Sina University hospital, Sale, Morocco
                Article
                Publisher ID: PAMJ-24-89
                DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2016.24.89.8831
                PMC ID: 5012832
                PubMed ID: 27642428
                SO-VID: 7e6a6162-7105-4fe0-9186-5484f491114c
                Copyright © © Imane Elbinoune et al.
                License:

                The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 10 January 2016
                Date accepted : 14 March 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: chronic neck pain,anxiety,depression,had
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: chronic neck pain, anxiety, depression, had

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