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      Resistencia antibiótica de Escherichia coli en infecciones urinarias nosocomiales y adquiridas en la comunidad del Sector Sanitario de Huesca 2016-2018 Translated title: Evolution of antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli in nosocomial urinary tract infections in Primary and Hospital Care in Huesca

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la resistencia in vitro del uropatógeno más frecuente, Escherichia coli, a varios antimicrobianos en nuestro Sector Sanitario y deducir opciones de tratamiento empírico. Diseño: Estudio epidemiológico descriptivo retrospectivo. Material y métodos: Desde el 1 de enero de 2016 al 31 de diciembre de 2018 se estudiaron las cepas de E. coli aisladas de urocultivos de pacientes procedentes de Atención Primaria y Hospitalaria del Sector de Huesca. Se procesaron un total de 42004 muestras. Se determinó la sensibilidad a once antibióticos de uso frecuente. Se analizó la existencia de diferencias estadísticamente significativas de sensibilidad en los años estudiados, comparando sus correspondientes intervalos de confianza al 95 % (método de Fisher). Resultados: E. coli ha sido la bacteria más frecuentemente aislada durante el periodo de estudio. La resistencia se ha mantenido por debajo del 4 % frente a fosfomicina y nitrofurantoína y por debajo del 12% a cefalosporinas de tercera generación. En cefuroxima y amoxicilina-clavulánico se ha observado un significativo aumento de la resistencia en las cepas hospitalarias con respecto a las de la comunidad en este periodo. Los máximos niveles de resistencia (superior al 20%) se encontraron en los antibióticos administrados vía oral y frecuentemente indicados en infecciones urinarias no complicadas: trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol, ciprofloxacino y amoxicilina. Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que el tratamiento empírico de primera elección para las infecciones urinarias en nuestra área sanitaria podrían ser fosfomicina, nitrofurantoína o cefalosporinas de segunda generación, aunque estas últimas sólo a nivel comunitario, mientras que en hospital su uso sin testar en antibiograma estaría desaconsejado por el porcentaje creciente de resistencias. No se recomendaría como tratamiento de primera elección trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol ni quinolonas.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine in-vitro resistance of the most frequent uropathogen, Escherichia coli, to several antibiotics in our health sector, and to deduce empirical treatment options. Design: Retrospective descriptive epidemiological study Material and methods: E. coli strains isolated from urine cultures of patients from Primary and Hospital Care in Huesca Sector, between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2018, were studied. A total of 42004 samples were processed. The sensitivity to eleven frequently used antibiotics was determined. The existence of statistically significant differences in sensitivity for the years under study was analyzed, comparing their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (Fisher´s method). Results: E. coli has been the most frequently isolated bacteria during the study period. Resistance to fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin has remained below 4%, and resistance to third generation cephalosporins below 12%. Regarding cefuroxime and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, a significant increase in resistance in hospital strains with respect to community strains has been observed in this period. The highest levels of resistance (more than 20%) were found in antibiotics administered orally and frequently indicated in uncomplicated urinary tract infections: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and amoxicillin. Conclusions: These results suggest that the first choice empirical treatments for urinary tract infections in our health area are fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, or second generation cephalosporins. The latter is only at a community level, whereas its use in hospitals without testing in antibiogram is not recommended due to an increasing percentage of resistance. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or quinolones are not recommended as first choice treatment.

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          Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbidity, and economic costs.

          Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are considered to be the most common bacterial infection. According to the 1997 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, UTI accounted for nearly 7 million office visits and 1 million emergency department visits, resulting in 100,000 hospitalizations. Nevertheless, it is difficult to accurately assess the incidence of UTIs, because they are not reportable diseases in the United States. This situation is further complicated by the fact that accurate diagnosis depends on both the presence of symptoms and a positive urine culture, although in most outpatient settings this diagnosis is made without the benefit of culture. Women are significantly more likely to experience UTI than men. Nearly 1 in 3 women will have had at least 1 episode of UTI requiring antimicrobial therapy by the age of 24 years. Almost half of all women will experience 1 UTI during their lifetime. Specific subpopulations at increased risk of UTI include infants, pregnant women, the elderly, patients with spinal cord injuries and/or catheters, patients with diabetes or multiple sclerosis, patients with acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus, and patients with underlying urologic abnormalities. Catheter-associated UTI is the most common nosocomial infection, accounting for >1 million cases in hospitals and nursing homes. The risk of UTI increases with increasing duration of catheterization. In noninstitutionalized elderly populations, UTIs are the second most common form of infection, accounting for nearly 25% of all infections. There are important medical and financial implications associated with UTIs. In the nonobstructed, nonpregnant female adult, acute uncomplicated UTI is believed to be a benign illness with no long-term medical consequences. However, UTI elevates the risk of pyelonephritis, premature delivery, and fetal mortality among pregnant women, and is associated with impaired renal function and end-stage renal disease among pediatric patients. Financially, the estimated annual cost of community-acquired UTI is significant, at approximately $1.6 billion.
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            Agriculture and food animals as a source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria

            One of the major breakthroughs in the history of medicine is undoubtedly the discovery of antibiotics. Their use in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine has resulted in healthier and more productive farm animals, ensuring the welfare and health of both animals and humans. Unfortunately, from the first use of penicillin, the resistance countdown started to tick. Nowadays, the infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria are increasing, and resistance to antibiotics is probably the major public health problem. Antibiotic use in farm animals has been criticized for contributing to the emergence of resistance. The use and misuse of antibiotics in farm animal settings as growth promoters or as nonspecific means of infection prevention and treatment has boosted antibiotic consumption and resistance among bacteria in the animal habitat. This reservoir of resistance can be transmitted directly or indirectly to humans through food consumption and direct or indirect contact. Resistant bacteria can cause serious health effects directly or via the transmission of the antibiotic resistance traits to pathogens, causing illnesses that are difficult to treat and that therefore have higher morbidity and mortality rates. In addition, the selection and proliferation of antibiotic-resistant strains can be disseminated to the environment via animal waste, enhancing the resistance reservoir that exists in the environmental microbiome. In this review, an effort is made to highlight the various factors that contribute to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in farm animals and to provide some insights into possible solutions to this major health issue.
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              Risk factors for ciprofloxacin resistance among Escherichia coli strains isolated from community-acquired urinary tract infections in Turkey.

              To determine the risk factors for community-acquired ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli urinary tract infection (UTI). The study was performed with isolates from community-acquired UTIs collected from 15 centres representing six different geographic regions of Turkey. All microbiological procedures were carried out in a central laboratory. Multivariate analysis was performed for detection of risk factors for resistance. Use of quinolones more than once within the last year, living in a rural area, having a urinary catheter, age >50 and complicated infections were included in the model as variables and logistic regression was performed. A total of 611 gram-negative isolates were studied: 321 were isolated from uncomplicated UTI and 290 were isolated from complicated UTI. E. coli was the causative agent in 90% of the uncomplicated UTIs and in 78% of the complicated UTIs (P < 0.001). Seventeen percent of E. coli strains isolated from uncomplicated cases and 38% of E. coli strains isolated from complicated UTI were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin. In multivariate analysis, age over 50 [odds ratio (OR): 1.6; confidence interval (CI): 1.08-2.47; P = 0.020], ciprofloxacin use more than once in the last year (OR: 2.8; CI: 1.38-5.47; P = 0.004) and the presence of complicated UTI (OR: 2.4; CI: 1.54-3.61; P < 0.001) were found to be associated with ciprofloxacin resistance. Detection of strains of E. coli producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) enzymes was two times more common in the patients who received ciprofloxacin than those who did not (15% versus 7.4%). The increasing prevalence of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria makes the empirical treatment of UTIs more difficult. One of the important factors contributing to these high resistance rates might be high antibiotic use. Urine culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing are essential in Turkey for patients with UTI who have risk factors for resistance, such as previous ciprofloxacin use. Fluoroquinolone-sparing agents such as nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin should be evaluated as alternative therapies by further clinical efficacy and safety studies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                albacete
                Revista Clínica de Medicina de Familia
                Rev Clin Med Fam
                Sociedad Castellano-Manchega de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria (Albacete, Castilla La Mancha, Spain )
                1699-695X
                2386-8201
                2020
                : 13
                : 3
                : 198-202
                Affiliations
                [2] Huesca orgnameHospital San Jorge orgdiv1Medicina Preventiva España
                [1] Huesca orgnameHospital San Jorge orgdiv1Microbiología España
                Article
                S1699-695X2020000300198 S1699-695X(20)01300300198
                7e6a7f2b-e499-42be-9701-a95c8fcb0b04

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 June 2020
                : 02 September 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 13, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales

                Escherichia coli,Urinary tract infection,Infección urinaria,Resistencia antibiotica,Antibiotic resistance

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