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      Effects of Icodextrin on Glycemic and Lipid Profiles in Diabetic Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis

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          Abstract

          Aim: Icodextrin reduces glucose absorption from the peritoneal dialysate. We conducted this prospective, open-labeled, multicenter study to determine the effects of icodextrin on glycemic and lipid parameters in diabetic patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (PD) or automated PD. Methods: Patients were recruited from 15 institutions in Japan, and a total of 51 patients (15 women and 36 men, mean age: 59 ± 10 years, median duration of PD: 13 months) were enrolled. The patients were administered an overnight or daytime dwell of 1.5 or 2.0 l of 7.5% icodextrin-containing solution. At baseline and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after the start of icodextrin, nonfasting blood was drawn for measurement of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and serum lipids. Results: During icodextrin treatment, there was no change in overall HbA1C levels compared to baseline values; however, for those with baseline HbA1C ≧6.5% (n = 22), significant decreases in HbA1C were observed. Mean total/LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were decreased significantly during icodextrin treatment, with greater decreases for patients with baseline total cholesterol ≧220 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol ≧120 mg/dl or triglycerides ≧150 mg/dl. HDL cholesterol did not differ at any time point; however, values for patients with baseline HDL cholesterol <40 mg/dl tended to increase with marginal significance. Conclusions: In the current study, switching from glucose-containing dialysis solution to icodextrin resulted in improved lipid profiles and possibly a favorable metabolic profile, particularly in patients with poor glycemic control. These hypotheses remain to be proven in controlled clinical trials.

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          Glycemic control is a predictor of survival for diabetic patients on hemodialysis.

          To investigate the impact of glycemic control on the survival of diabetic subjects with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) starting hemodialysis treatment. This single-center prospective observational study enrolled 150 diabetic ESRD subjects (109 men and 41 women; age at hemodialysis initiation, 60.5 +/- 10.2 years) at start of hemodialysis between January 1989 and December 1997. The subjects were divided into groups according to their glycemic control level at inclusion as follows: good HbA1c or = 7.5%, n = 57 (group P); and survival was followed until December 1999, with a mean follow-up period of 2.7 years. Group G had better survival than group P (the control group) (P = 0.008). At inclusion, there was no significant difference in age, sex, systolic blood pressure (SBP), BMI, cardio-to-thoracic ratio (CTR) on chest X-ray, and serum creatinine (Cre) or hemoglobin (Hb) levels between the two groups. After adjustment for age and sex, HbA1c was a significant predictor of survival (hazard ratio 1. 133 per 1.0% increment of HbA1c, 95% CI 1.028-1.249, P = 0.012), as were Cre and CTR. Good glycemic control (HbA1c <7.5%) predicts better survival of diabetic ESRD patients starting hemodialysis treatment.
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            Association of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes.

            Serum triglyceride levels are important in the development of atherosclerosis. Although triglyceride levels are generally increased in the postprandial periods, the association between postprandial triglyceride (pTG) levels and atherosclerosis has not been investigated in diabetic patients. To investigate the role of pTG levels in atherosclerosis, we examined the correlation between pTG levels and carotid intimal-medial thickness (IMT). Carotid IMT was measured by ultrasonography in 61 patients with type 2 diabetes. Plasma glucose (PG), insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol levels were measured after overnight fasting and 4 h after a meal. Carotid IMT of the patients with fasting hypertriglyceridemia was greater than that of the patients with normal fasting triglyceride (fTG) levels (0.85+/-0.12 vs. 0.76+/-0.14 mm; P = 0.02). The carotid IMT was increased in the patients with pTG levels >2.27 mmol/l. The normo-normo (NN) and normo-hyper (NH) groups consisted of patients with normal fTG levels but with pTG levels 2.27 mmol/l, respectively. Patients with both hypertriglyceridemia and pTG levels >2.27 mmol/l formed the hyper-hyper (HH) group. Carotid IMT was significantly increased in the NH (0.86+/-0.13 mm) and HH (0.85+/-0.12 mm) groups compared with the NN group (0.73+/-0.13 mm; P<0.01). Although postprandial PG, pTG, and fasting LDL cholesterol levels were all independently correlated with carotid IMT, pTG levels had the strongest statistical influence (P = 0.002). Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia despite normal fTG levels may be an independent risk factor for early atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes.
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              Glucose absorption during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

              Patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) are exposed to a continuous infusion of glucose via their peritoneal cavity. We performed studies to quantitate the amount of energy derived from dialysate glucose. Net glucose absorption averaged 182 +/- (SD) 61 g/day in 19 studies with a dialysate dextrose concentration of 1.5 or 4.25 g/dl. The amount of glucose absorbed per liter of dialysate (y) varied with the concentration of glucose in dialysate (x), (y = 11.3x - 10.9, r = 0.96). The amount of glucose absorbed per day during a given dialysis regimen was constant. Energy intake from dialysate glucose was 8.4 +/- 2.8 kcal/kg of body wt per day, or 12 to 34% of total energy intake. This additional energy may contribute to the anabolic effect reported during CAPD. The ability to vary glucose absorption by altering the dialysate glucose concentration may prove a useful tool to modify energy intake.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                AJN
                Am J Nephrol
                10.1159/issn.0250-8095
                American Journal of Nephrology
                S. Karger AG
                0250-8095
                1421-9670
                2007
                July 2007
                03 July 2007
                : 27
                : 4
                : 409-415
                Affiliations
                aDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes Center, Tokyo Women’s Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, bDepartment of Nephrology, Saitama Medical School, Saitama, cDivision of Nephrology, Fuji City General Hospital, Fuji, dDivision of Nephrology, Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo, eDivision of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mistui Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, fResearch Division of Dialysis and Chronic Kidney Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, gDivision of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, hRenal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwata City Hospital, Iwata, iDepartment of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Sakai Hospital Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, jDepartment of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kidney Group, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, kDepartment of Artificial Organs, Akane Foundation Tsuchiya General Hospital, Hiroshima, lDepartment of Infectious Disease, Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Control, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, mSecond Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, nBaxter Ltd., Tokyo, oDepartment of Advanced Nephrology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, and pDivision of Nephrology, Kanagawa Prefectural Hospital Affiliated with Nurses Training School, Yokohama, Japan
                Article
                105123 Am J Nephrol 2007;27:409–415
                10.1159/000105123
                17622748
                7e6ddbed-c94a-4436-9466-419ba917479e
                © 2007 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                : 25 March 2007
                : 01 June 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, References: 30, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Original Report: Patient-Oriented, Translational Research

                Cardiovascular Medicine,Nephrology
                Cholesterol,Automated peritoneal dialysis,Diabetic nephropathy,Hemoglobin A1C,Triglyceride,Icodextrin,Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

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