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      Multifaceted activity of millipede secretions: Antioxidant, antineurodegenerative, and anti- Fusarium effects of the defensive secretions of Pachyiulus hungaricus (Karsch, 1881) and Megaphyllum unilineatum (C. L. Koch, 1838) (Diplopoda: Julida)

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          Abstract

          Members of the millipede order Julida rely on dominantly quinonic defensive secretions with several minor, non-quinonic components. The free radical-scavenging activities of ethanol, methanol, hexane, and dichloromethane extracts of defensive secretions emitted by Pachyiulus hungaricus (Karsch, 1881) and Megaphyllum unilineatum (C. L. Koch, 1838) were investigated using the ABTS, DPPH, and total reducing power (TRP) tests. The obtained extracts were also tested for inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase activity. Finally, the antifungal potential of both julid extracts was evaluated against seven Fusarium species. Secretions of both species showed activity against free radicals, acetylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, and all of the selected fungal species. The secretions of P. hungaricus exhibited a more potent antioxidative effect than did those of M. unilineatum, while there were no significant differences of antiacetylcholinesterase activity between the tested extracts. Only the hexane extract of M. unilineatum showed an effect on tyrosinase activity stronger than that of P. hungaricus. Fusarium sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, and F. verticillioides were the fungi most resistant to secretions of both julids. The Fusarium species most susceptible to the secretion of P. hungaricus was F. avenaceum, while the concentrations of M. unilienatum extracts needed to inhibit and completely suppress fungal growth were lowest in the case of their action on F. lateritium. Our data support previous findings that julid defensive secretions possess an antimicrobial potential and reveal their antioxidative and antineurodegenrative properties. Bearing in mind the chemical complexity of the tested defensive secretions, we presume that they can also exhibit other biological activities.

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          A novel method for measuring antioxidant capacity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant status in premature neonates.

          N. J. Miller, C Rice-Evans, M. Davies … (1993)
          1. A new method has been developed for measuring the total antioxidant capacity of body fluids and drug solutions, based on the absorbance of the ABTS.+ radical cation. 2. An automated method for use on a centrifugal analyser, as well as a manual method, is described. 3. The procedure has been applied to physiological antioxidant compounds and radical-scavenging drugs, and an antioxidant ranking was established based on their reactivity relative to a 1.0 mmol/l Trolox standard. 4. The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity of plasma from an adult reference population has been measured, and the method optimized and validated. 5. The method has been applied to investigate the total plasma antioxidant capacity of neonates and how this may be compromised in prematurity.
          Article 0 comments Cited 490 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Role of quinones in toxicology.

            J L Bolton, M Trush, T Penning … (2000)
            Quinones represent a class of toxicological intermediates which can create a variety of hazardous effects in vivo, including acute cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and carcinogenesis. The mechanisms by which quinones cause these effects can be quite complex. Quinones are Michael acceptors, and cellular damage can occur through alkylation of crucial cellular proteins and/or DNA. Alternatively, quinones are highly redox active molecules which can redox cycle with their semiquinone radicals, leading to formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and ultimately the hydroxyl radical. Production of ROS can cause severe oxidative stress within cells through the formation of oxidized cellular macromolecules, including lipids, proteins, and DNA. Formation of oxidatively damaged bases such as 8-oxodeoxyguanosine has been associated with aging and carcinogenesis. Furthermore, ROS can activate a number of signaling pathways, including protein kinase C and RAS. This review explores the varied cytotoxic effects of quinones using specific examples, including quinones produced from benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, estrogens, and catecholamines. The evidence strongly suggests that the numerous mechanisms of quinone toxicity (i.e., alkylation vs oxidative stress) can be correlated with the known pathology of the parent compound(s).
            Article 0 comments Cited 212 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties of thymol, carvacrol and their derivatives thymoquinone and thymohydroquinone.

              Patrice Milos, Marin M. Jukic, Olivera Politeo … (2007)
              The aim of this study was to examine in vitro the inhibitory activity exerted by the main constituents of essential oil obtained from the aromatic plant Thymus vulgaris L. on acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The total essential oil and selected compounds, specifically linalool and thymol, carvacrol and their derivatives thymoquinone and thymohydroquinone, were tested for AChE inhibition. Thymohydroquinone exhibited the strongest AChE inhibitory effect over the range of concentrations. The AChE inhibitory potential decreased in the following order: thymohydroquinone > carvacrol > thymoquinone > essential oil > thymol > linalool. It is interesting that the AChE inhibitory effect exerted by carvacrol was 10 times stronger than that exerted by its isomer thymol, although thymol and carvacrol have a very similar structure.
              Article 0 comments Cited 79 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Bojan Ilić:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9051-0415
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft
                Nikola Unković: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft
                Aleksandar Knežević: Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft
                Željko Savković:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6678-4958
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Investigation
                Milica Ljaljević Grbić: Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Validation
                Jelena Vukojević: Role: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Supervision
                Zvezdana Jovanović: Role: Formal analysisRole: Investigation
                Slobodan Makarov: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draft
                Luka Lučić: Role: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Validation
                David A. Lightfoot: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 3 January 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0209999
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Animal Development, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
                [2 ] Department of Algology, Mycology, and Lichenology, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
                College of Agricultural Sciences, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9051-0415
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6678-4958
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-18-25253
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209999
                PMC ID: 6317802
                PubMed ID: 30605481
                SO-VID: 7e80c187-e55c-4042-b564-094920e6b697
                Copyright © © 2019 Ilić et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 28 August 2018
                Date accepted : 15 December 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Pages: 15
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004564, Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog Razvoja;
                Award ID: 173038
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004564, Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog Razvoja;
                Award ID: 173032
                This work was supported by the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science, and Technological Development (Grants Nos. 173038 and 173032). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Processes
                Subject: Secretion
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Processes
                Subject: Secretion
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Biochemistry
                Subject: Antioxidants
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pharmacology
                Subject: Drugs
                Subject: Antimicrobials
                Subject: Antifungals
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Microbial Control
                Subject: Antimicrobials
                Subject: Antifungals
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Mycology
                Subject: Antifungals
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical Microbiology
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Fungal Pathogens
                Subject: Fusarium
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Subject: Pathogens
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Fungal Pathogens
                Subject: Fusarium
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Mycology
                Subject: Fungal Pathogens
                Subject: Fusarium
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Chemistry
                Subject: Chemical Compounds
                Subject: Esters
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Chemistry
                Subject: Chemical Compounds
                Subject: Organic Compounds
                Subject: Quinones
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Chemistry
                Subject: Organic Chemistry
                Subject: Organic Compounds
                Subject: Quinones
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Chemistry
                Subject: Chemical Compounds
                Subject: Acids
                Subject: Ketones
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Eukaryota
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Invertebrates
                Subject: Arthropoda
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All relevant data are within the manuscript.

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